公路隧道内火灾烟气温度及层化高度分布特征试验

通过在云南昆明—石林高速公路阳宗隧道内的现场模拟火灾试验,对不同纵向通风速率下公路隧道内火灾烟气温度及层化高度沿隧道的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:拱顶下方烟气温度沿隧道呈幂指数分布;纵向通风速度对烟气层高度沿隧道的分布有重大影响,纵向风速较小时,烟气可以在隧道上部空间维持较好的层化结构,不会影响火灾发生时人员的安全疏散,而较大的纵向风速将导致烟气层高度沿隧道迅速降到地面,对火灾发生时的人员疏散造成威胁。     

道路陡坡对水泥混凝土路面荷载应力的影响分析

以水泥混凝土路面结构为研究对象,采用三维有限元方法分析不同纵坡条件下路面结构在标准轴载作用下的应力变化。得出了板底弯拉应力、混凝土板最大主拉应力、层间剪应力与道路坡度之间的关系,探讨了水泥混凝土路面在纵坡地段的受力机理,为特殊地段路面结构设计提供参考。     

青藏公路路基纵向裂缝病害及其发生规律

路基裂缝病害是青藏公路上继沉降以后的第二大类型路基病害,此种类型的病害与公路左右两侧的太阳辐射差异密切相关。病害统计结果表明,发生在阳侧的路基纵向裂缝有22.5条,占总裂缝条数的70.0%,占路基纵向裂缝总长度的65.0%;其次,从病害发生路段的道路走向来看,路基纵向裂缝病害主要发生在走向为S90°、W S60°、W S30°、EW 0°和ES60°的路段,在走向为ES30°的路段上仅发生1条路基纵向裂缝。路基纵向裂缝与走向间的这一关系主要与高原上特殊的太阳辐射日变化规律和青藏公路主体走向有关。     

Short-term Hourly Traffic Forecasts using Hong Kong Annual Traffic Census

The need for acquiring the current-year traffic data is a problem for transport planners since such data may not be available for on-going transport studies. A method is proposed in this paper to predict hourly traffic flows up to and into the near future, using historical data collected from the Hong Kong Annual Traffic Census (ATC). Two parametric and two non-parametric models have been employed and evaluated in this study. The results show that the non-parametric models (Non-Parametric Regression (NPR) and Gaussian Maximum Likelihood (GML)) were more promising for predicting hourly traffic flows at the selected ATC station. Further analysis encompassing 87 ATC stations revealed that the NPR is likely to react to unexpected changes more effectively than the GML method, while the GML model performs better under steady traffic flows. Taking into consideration the dynamic nature of the common traffic patterns in Hong Kong and the advantages/disadvantages of the various models, the NPR model is recommended for predicting the hourly traffic flows in that region.     

Optimizing the locations of electric taxi charging stations: A spatial–temporal demand coverage approach

Vehicle electrification is a promising approach towards attaining green transportation. However, the absence of charging stations limits the penetration of electric vehicles. Current approaches for optimizing the locations of charging stations suffer from challenges associated with spatial–temporal dynamic travel demands and the lengthy period required for the charging process. The present article uses the electric taxi (ET) as an example to develop a spatial–temporal demand coverage approach for optimizing the placement of ET charging stations in the space–time context. To this end, public taxi demands with spatial and temporal attributes are extracted from massive taxi GPS data. The cyclical interactions between taxi demands, ETs, and charging stations are modeled with a spatial–temporal path tool. A location model is developed to maximize the level of ET service on the road network and the level of charging service at the stations under spatial and temporal constraints such as the ET range, the charging time, and the capacity of charging stations. The reduced carbon emission generated by used ETs with located charging stations is also evaluated. An experiment conducted in Shenzhen, China demonstrates that the proposed approach not only exhibits good performance in determining ET charging station locations by considering temporal attributes, but also achieves a high quality trade-off between the levels of ET service and charging service. The proposed approach and obtained results help the decision-making of urban ET charging station siting.     

Activity patterns,time use,and travel of millennials: a generation in transition?

Millennials, defined in this study as those born between 1979 and 2000, became the largest population segment in the United States in 2015. Compared to recent previous generations, they have been found to travel less, own fewer cars, have lower driver’s licensure rates, and use alternative modes more. But to what extent will these differences in behaviour persist as millennials move through various phases of the lifecycle? To address this question, this paper presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey data series. In early adulthood, younger millennials (born 1988–1994) are found to spend significantly more time in-home than older millennials (born 1979–1985), which indicates that there are substantial differences in activity-time use patterns across generations in early adulthood. Older millennials are, however, showing activity-time use patterns similar to their prior generation counterparts as they age, although some differences – particularly in time spent as a car driver – persist. Millennials appear to exhibit a lag in adopting the activity patterns of predecessor generations due to delayed lifecycle milestones (e.g. completing their education, getting jobs, marrying, and having children) and lingering effects of the economic recession, suggesting that travel demand will resume growth in the future.     

Investigation of ship waves in a narrow channel

This paper presents a discussion of the characteristics of ship waves in a narrow channel restricted by vertical walls, based on observed data and the results computed by a 2-D model. In the numerical model, the propagation of waves generated by a moving ship is simulated by solving 2-D depth-integrated Boussinesq equations. To get the boundary conditions at the location of the ship, the slender-ship approximation is employed. A field observation was carried out at a straight length of navigation channel. The ships targeted in the observations are two kinds of waterbuses with lengths of 28 and 24 m. The relative depth Froude number for the river current, an appropriate parameter for assessing the influence of the current on ship wave characteristics in a navigation channel, ranged from 0.47 to 0.76. The observed maximum wave height varied between 0.13 and 1.26 m. The maximum wave height of the wave train is sharply increased when the relative depth Froude number exceeds 0.6. The results computed by the present model agree fairly well with the observed data.     

A new estimation approach for the multiple discrete–continuous probit (MDCP) choice model

This paper develops a blueprint (complete with matrix notation) to apply Bhat’s (2011) Maximum Approximate Composite Marginal Likelihood (MACML) inference approach for the estimation of cross-sectional as well as panel multiple discrete–continuous probit (MDCP) models. A simulation exercise is undertaken to evaluate the ability of the proposed approach to recover parameters from a cross-sectional MDCP model. The results show that the MACML approach does very well in recovering parameters, as well as appears to accurately capture the curvature of the Hessian of the log-likelihood function. The paper also demonstrates the application of the proposed approach through a study of individuals’ recreational (i.e., long distance leisure) choice among alternative destination locations and the number of trips to each recreational destination location, using data drawn from the 2004 to 2005 Michigan statewide household travel survey.     

盾构隧道始发与到达段环间纵向压力空间分布规律研究

现场实测数据表明，盾构隧道始发与到达段各断面纵向压力较小，可能导致环缝漏水。为解决此问题，通过求解描述隧道变形特征的微分方程，获得隧道始发与到达段纵向力的分布规律；并以此为依据，提出纵向拉结构件的设计方法。研究结果表明： 1)在不采用拉结措施的情况下，进出洞口附近纵向力最小，接近于0； 2)距离洞口越远的断面，其纵向力越大； 3)采用纵向拉结措施可以有效地增大始发与到达段断面纵向力。在对纵向拉结构件进行设计时，其最小横截面积由隧道刚度和环缝止水垫闭合压力决定，其最小长度由隧道和地层之间的切向黏结刚度决定。     

盾构隧道管片结构纵向错台研究

盾构隧道通缝拼装管片结构的错台一直是困扰盾构隧道施工的技术问题，且由错台引起的管片开裂、拼装困难和防水隐患等问题对施工和运营的影响日益凸显，并直接影响到工程质量。以上海轨道交通二号线西延伸段盾构隧道工程为背景，采用现场监测和数值计算方法对盾构推进过程中管片错台进行分析，获得了管片结构错台发生及发展的变化规律。进一步探讨了盾构千斤顶的顶力对错台大小及发展规律的影响，为盾构施工中减小错台，提高施工精度和质量，以及盾构隧道设计施工提供依据。