完善概念模型,探究工程项目成本管理理念

工程项目成本控制是企业生存和发展的血脉系统,是企业通过高质量的生产管理水平提升市场竞争力的根基依赖。本文从项目成本控制的概念模型出发,探究了从工程预算到偏差控制的项目成本控制理念,并且从寻求能够实现工程项目成本控制的实效途径出发,提出了采用阶段性成本控制工作转化来优化成本控制主线的建议。     

Residential location and transit-oriented development in a new rail corridor

The relationship of form, use, and density in urban development and their influence on human behavior and travel is a key element of many land use and transport policies. Prior research indicates high-density urban development leads to decreased travel and thus sustainable mobility; however, personal attitudes seem to have greater effect on mobility than does the urban form. This research evaluates how households consider transit-oriented development (TOD) characteristics in their location decisions with regard to new Mandurah railway line stations opened in December 2007 in Perth, Western Australia. The results indicate that the choice of residence reflects neighborhood and housing attributes, with significant heterogeneity in the populations of the three precincts in terms of their valuation of various housing characteristics, proximity to urban facilities, and transport. There is also significant variation in households’ attitudes to natural and artificial environments. A better understanding of the complex relationships among environment, travel, socio-demographic characteristics, and household attitudes can help transport planners leverage the benefits of TOD and improve the quality of urban design and community life.     

Global optimization method for mixed transportation network design problem: A mixed-integer linear programming approach

This paper proposes a global optimization algorithm for solving a mixed (continuous/discrete) transportation network design problem (MNDP), which is generally expressed as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraint (MPEC). The upper level of the MNDP aims to optimize the network performance via both expansion of existing links and addition of new candidate links, whereas the lower level is a traditional Wardrop user equilibrium (UE) problem. In this paper, we first formulate the UE condition as a variational inequality (VI) problem, which is defined from a finite number of extreme points of a link-flow feasible region. The MNDP is approximated as a piecewise-linear programming (P-LP) problem, which is then transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. A global optimization algorithm based on a cutting constraint method is developed for solving the MILP problem. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method and to compare the results with alternative algorithms reported in the literature.     

A simulation evaluation of the maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) estimator for mixed multinomial probit models

This paper evaluates the ability of the maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) estimation approach to recover parameters from finite samples in mixed cross-sectional and panel multinomial probit models. Comparisons with the maximum simulated likelihood (MSL) estimation approach are also undertaken. The results indicate that the MACML approach recovers parameters much more accurately than the MSL approach in all model structures and covariance specifications. The MACML inference approach also estimates the parameters efficiently, with the asymptotic standard errors being, in general, only a small proportion of the true values. As importantly, the MACML inference approach takes only a very small fraction of the time needed for MSL estimation. In particular, the results suggest that, for the case of five random coefficients, the MACML approach is about 50 times faster than the MSL for the cross-sectional random coefficients case, about 15 times faster than the MSL for the panel inter-individual random coefficients case, and about 350 times or more faster than the MSL for the panel intra- and inter-individual random coefficients case. As the number of alternatives in the unordered-response model increases, one can expect even higher computational efficiency factors for the MACML over the MSL approach. Further, as should be evident in the panel intra- and inter-individual random coefficients case, the MSL is all but practically infeasible when the mixing structure leads to an explosion in the dimensionality of integration in the likelihood function, but these situations are handled with ease in the MACML approach. It is hoped that the MACML procedure will spawn empirical research into rich model specifications within the context of unordered multinomial choice modeling, including autoregressive random coefficients, dynamics in coefficients, space-time effects, and spatial/social interactions.     

船体矩形板边界局部屈服下的弯曲

本文应用广义变分原理和广义伽辽金法求解船体板架中四周刚性固定而边界产生局部屈服的矩形薄板弯曲问题．文中把局部屈服区边界视为有极限弯矩作用的铰支边界．由于边界屈服状态比较复杂，文中引入了“相当塑性铰线”概念，从而把问题归结为混合边界问题求解，并把弹塑性问题转化为弹性问题处理．文中提出了具体计算方法，计算结果与文献［1］作了比较，对处理实际工程问题具有一定的实用价值．     

结构可靠度分析的混合法

介绍一种新的计算结构可靠度方法———混合分析法。该方法利用响应面法将极限状态方程近似表达为简单的多项式形式,有效地解决了FORM和SORM无法求解隐式极限状态方程的可靠度问题。另外,响应面法的使用还能有效地利用现有的确定性分析软件。通过引入有限元方法,混合分析法可适用于结构可靠度问题。通过使用重要抽样技术,提高了混合分析法的计算效率和计算精度。数值算例验证了混合分析法的应用、效率和精度。     

基于慢变量的交通客流预测模型

从影响交通客流分布的最主要因素——人口、能耗、区域面积出发,提出交通质量的概念,并基于它提出了新的交通发生(吸引)模型,参照万有引力定律对重力模型进行了改进。用实例将预测模型与传统的预测模型相比,说明模型的可行性和有效性。     

混合交通流条件下信号交叉口配时优化设计

运用适合我国交通现况的定时式线控制系统理论,以南京市太平北路与珠江路的十字典型交叉口为例,在现状调查分析的基础之上,具体分析信号配时方案产生的全过程,提出使城市道路单点信号控制交叉口的时空资源得到综合优化利用的交叉口车道渠化方法和信号配时优化方法,并应用交通仿真模拟软件VISSIM对交叉口配时方案进行模拟,将优化方案与现状进行比较,取得了较好的结果。     

User preferences regarding autonomous vehicles

This study gains insight into individual motivations for choosing to own and use autonomous vehicles and develops a model for autonomous vehicle long-term choice decisions. A stated preference questionnaire is distributed to 721 individuals living across Israel and North America. Based on the characteristics of their current commutes, individuals are presented with various scenarios and asked to choose the car they would use for their commute. A vehicle choice model which includes three options is estimated:

• (1)Continue to commute using a regular car that you have in your possession.
• (2)Buy and shift to commuting using a privately-owned autonomous vehicle (PAV).
• (3)Shift to using a shared-autonomous vehicle (SAV), from a fleet of on-demand cars for your commute.

A factor analysis determined five relevant latent variables describing the individuals’ attitudes: technology interest, environmental concern, enjoy driving, public transit attitude, and pro-AV sentiments. The effects that the characteristics of the individual and the autonomous vehicle have on use and acceptance are quantified through random utility models including logit kernel model taking into account panel effects.Currently, large overall hesitations towards autonomous vehicle adoption exist, with 44% of choice decisions remaining regular vehicles. Early AV adopters will likely be young, students, more educated, and spend more time in vehicles. Even if the SAV service were to be completely free, only 75% of individuals would currently be willing to use SAVs. The study also found various differences regarding the preferences of individuals in Israel and North America, namely that Israelis are overall more likely to shift to autonomous vehicles.Methods to encourage SAV use include increasing the costs for regular cars as well as educating the public about the benefits of shared autonomous vehicles.     

Construction of expression vector for NT4-ADNF-9 fusion gene

Objective To construct the prokaryotic expression vector bearing fusion gene NT4-ADNF-9 and lay foundation for further study on genetic therapy of neuraseusory deafness. Methods By means of asymmetrical prince/ template, double stranded eDNA of activity dependent neurotrophic factor-9 (ADNF-9) was obtained, which included restriction enzymes sites on the two extremities. ADNF-9 eDNA was ligated to the signal and leader peptides of nenrotrophin 4 (NT4), and the fusion gene was named NT4-ADNF-9. Then it was suheluned into prokaryotic expression vector pBV220, and called pBV220/ NT4-ADNF-9. Results Evidences of DNA sequence analysis and restrtction enzymes digestion showed that we recombined ADNF-9 eDNA to the 3'terminal of the signal and leader peptides of NT4, and the fusion gene was subcluned into pBV220 successfully. Bioactivity of the products was proved that it could support the cell survival and neurite growth in the primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of embryonic day-8 cbicken neurons as compared to the control. Conclusion Prokaryotic expression vector pBV220/NT4-ADNF-9 can be constructed successfully and the bioactivtty is satisfactory.