城市交通出行行为中的潜变量研究综述

潜变量是提高交通出行行为预测精度的有效方法,潜变量的提出为出行行为 研究提供了新视角.为解决目前出行行为中缺少潜变量概念认知及潜变量应用的问题,本 文从社会心理学入手,分析已有出行行为建模方法的特点,提出潜变量研究的必要性,对 出行行为中潜变量内涵、应用领域、模型构建进行系统梳理,明确潜变量研究的三个核心 问题是识别、有效性验证及计算.评述与研究涵盖潜变量的出行行为整合模型的机遇、难 点和挑战.并揭示潜变量测度方法与SP/RP 调查的关联性,综述潜变量模型检验判定标 准,最后总结出行行为潜变量研究的发展趋势及发展方向.     

基于Monte Carlo模拟的Mixed Logit模型求解研究

Mixed Logit模型因能有效地避免其他离散选择模型的限制而被广泛地运用于交通领域,但由于它概率形式的非封闭性而导致了复杂的求解过程。从理论上证明利用Monte Carlo模拟方法求解Mixed Logit模型具有一定的合理性,并给出具体的求解步骤,可有效简化Mixed Logit模型的求解过程。     

预测通道客运分担率的MNL模型特性变量选取

基于非集计离散选择模型理论,结合通道内各种运输方式特性,给出了在运用MNL模型预测通道客运分担率时特性变量的选取原则。分析了影响旅客出行方式选择的出行时间、安全性、舒适性、方便性、费用等因素间的关系以及各因素作为特性变量的适应性,认为在运用MNL模型预测通道客运分担率时应选取出行时间、费用收入比和发车频率作为特性变量,并给出了各特性变量的取值标定方法。结合旅客出行特征调查数据,进行了实证分析和各个特性变量灵敏度分析,得出制定客运专线运营策略时应主要考虑出行时间、费用和出行者收入变化影响的结论。     

Mixed Logit模型随机参数分布形式选择探讨

Mixed Logit模型参数的分布形式的选择对模型物理意义的阐释和模型的实际应用均有十分重要的影响。选取正态分布、对数正态分布和均匀分布3种代表性分布函数进行分析，以Daganzo1979年应用Logit模型进行交通方式划分模型标定所采用的原始数据进行试验研究，并将试验结果与Logit模型结果进行对比。研究结果表明：Mixed Logit模型对原始数据的拟合性更好；3种分布函数分别适应于不同特点的参数；Mixed Logit具有更为丰富的物理意义，对个人选择交通方式的偏好信息表达更为清晰。     

柴油机掺烧重柴油的可行性研究

本文从节能的角度出发,研究了中小型柴油机掺烧重柴油的可行性。作者选取具有代表性的2135型柴油机做掺烧重柴油的试验。根据实验结果对柴油机掺烧重柴油后的负荷特性和排放特性的进行了分析,结果表明中小型柴油机掺烧重柴油可行。     

A simulation of the simple Mohring model to predict patronage and value of resources consumed for enhanced bus services

Choosing between the competing approaches to providing enhanced bus services requires the ability to predict the effects on patronage and overall benefits to society in terms of Value of Resources Consumed (VRC) of any proposed change. One common approach uses the Mohring model of 1972 and its successors to optimise one or more aspects of the supply of transit services given various level of demand. This paper simulates the operation of a simple circular bus route using the equations of a basic Mohring type model and a Decision Support System (DSS) to endogenise demand under the assumption that there is a fixed demand for travel but commuters can choose between the bus and private vehicle. The selected approach recognises that demand for a particular mode of travel is predicated on the speed of the vehicle in service which is itself determined by the demand for that vehicle (in this model or boarding and alighting time) rather than being determined exogenously. This creates an iterative feedback mechanism whereby changes to the attributes of the bus and car alter mode choice and the speed in service of the bus which, in turn, alters mode choice. The simulation is used to predict changes to patronage and VRC under scenarios regarding changes to the transport network (in terms of fares and running costs, frequency and spacing of bus stops) using parameters from both a Multinomial Logit (MNL) and a Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL). The results demonstrate that there are large differences in the size and, in some cases, direction of predicted changes to patronage, VRC and revenue, depending on whether the parameters of the MNL or MMNL model are used.     

盾构施工“滞排”成因分析和对策研究

文章在总结国内外复合地层盾构施工经验的基础上,首次明确并定义了"滞排"的概念,对"滞排"现象进行了科学的分类,并对其成因和风险进行了分析研究,提出了"破"、"和"、"排"的系统解决方案,并给出了盾构设计阶段、制造阶段和施工阶段的相应对策;最后从新理论、新设备、新方法和新材料等方面对"滞排"的解决对策做了进一步的展望。     

盾构工程孤石及基岩侵入体爆破技术研究

复合地层中,盾构工程拟开挖断面内局部高强度岩体(孤石、基岩侵入体等)是工程中的重大风险源之一。在这种地层条件下,盾构自身刀具无法有效破岩,传统的开舱或地面处理方法往往有较大局限性。实践证明,采用地面引孔下药施爆的控制钻爆法,严格控制破碎碴块体量可保证盾构正常掘进,同时可满足环保和安全卫生要求,从而取得盾构工法在复合地层中的技术突破。     

The maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) estimation of multinomial probit-based unordered response choice models

The likelihood functions of multinomial probit (MNP)-based choice models entail the evaluation of analytically-intractable integrals. As a result, such models are usually estimated using maximum simulated likelihood (MSL) techniques. Unfortunately, for many practical situations, the computational cost to ensure good asymptotic MSL estimator properties can be prohibitive and practically infeasible as the number of dimensions of integration rises. In this paper, we introduce a maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) estimation approach for MNP models that can be applied using simple optimization software for likelihood estimation. It also represents a conceptually and pedagogically simpler procedure relative to simulation techniques, and has the advantage of substantial computational time efficiency relative to the MSL approach. The paper provides a “blueprint” for the MACML estimation for a wide variety of MNP models.