Greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009

Road transport is the major source of global greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, contributing about three quarters towards the total transport emissions. This study used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 2 approach to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009. Key transport emitting sources, trend analysis and modal intensities were determined for the two countries. For South Africa, provincial road transport emissions were calculated from the number of vehicles by vehicle type and distance travelled. Calculations were at a national level in Lesotho. Road transport carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were estimated at 43.5 million tonnes in South Africa and 0.28 million tonnes in Lesotho in 2009. Motorcars and trucks produced 70.6% of the total road transport emissions in South Africa. Road transport emissions increased by approximately 2.6% per year between 2000 and 2009 in South Africa, while they increased by approximately 2.5% per annum in Lesotho over the same period. Gauteng province had the highest emissions, contributing approximately a third of total road transport emissions in South Africa; while the Northern Cape contributed only 2%. Minibus taxis were the most efficient transport mode on the basis of load carried. The Northern Cape had the highest emissions per passenger-kilometres and tonne-kilometre while the North West had the lowest. Trend assessment showed that emissions from trucks increased rapidly while emissions from other modes of transport decreased over the study period.     

动态交通分配问题研究回顾与展望

动态交通分配(Dynamic Traffic Assignment，DTA)理论是智能交通系统中最重要的关键技 术基础之一，也是当前交通科学中最活跃的研究领域之一，其模型可以广泛应用于离线的交通规 划及政策评估和在线的智能交通系统应用。本文首先回顾了DTA理论50年来的发展历程，总结 了不同发展阶段形成的重要理论和方法。其次介绍了DTA问题的两个基本构成：出行选择准则 和交通流传播模型，指出这两个基本组成部分通过走行时间函数(或阻抗函数)来关联，并总结了 DTA 问题中主要的出行选择准则、主要的交通流传播模型、重点关注的交通行为、走行时间函 数。依据出行者的出行选择内容、交通状况掌握、出行需求弹性、出行决策时间跨度以及用户类 型等对动态交通分配问题进行分类，并详细比较分析不同类型动态交通分配问题之间的差异。 进一步，介绍了DTA问题主要的解析模型，依据时间是否连续和使用的决策变量分别对DTA模 型进行分类，并总结了不同类型DTA模型的主要优缺点。介绍了不同出行选择准则下DTA问题 的主要求解方法，并评述求解方法的收敛性、效率等。此外，还概述了DTA模型在交通规划、交通 政策评估、交通控制与管理等方面的应用。最后，对DTA理论的进一步发展进行展望，指出DTA 理论和方法可以在5方面取得突破：动态网络加载模型的高效计算方法和性态良好的动态阻抗函 数，大规模交通网络上DTA问题的有效求解算法，超级网络上基于活动链的DTA模型，DTA模型 在交通管理与控制中的应用，未来智能网联环境下DTA模型及其应用。     

泥浆泵舱顶部甲板减振研究

以某平台泥浆泵舱顶部甲板为研究对象，利用数值计算和振动测试结合的方法对其减振方案进行研究。设置两种泥浆泵运行工况，利用振动分析仪测量甲板上表面8个高振动测点的振动速度。利用有限元方法建立顶部甲板模型，通过模态分析和谐响应分析得到顶部甲板的前五阶固有频率和各测点振动速度-转速曲线。振动响应数值计算结果和测试结果吻合，验证数值模型可靠性。分析发现顶部甲板固有频率远离激励频率，结构振动属于强迫振动，主要由泥浆泵输出管系的管托固定在刚度较弱的顶部甲板纵骨引起。甲板振动速度不符合规范要求，因此提出两种增加刚度的减振措施。通过谐响应分析重新计算测点的振动速度响应，结果满足规范要求。研究结果为船体局部结构设计和减振设计提供参考。     

The influence of employer ridesharing programs on employee mode choice

Employer ridesharing programs and employee mode choice were analyzed using Southern California data. Problems in estimating the costs and benefits of employer ridesharing programs were identified. Surveyed firms used a wide variety of information to estimate employee mode split internally. Virtually all surveyed firms offered free or subsidized parking to some or all of their employees. Few responding firms estimated the cost of providing employee parking accurately, if at all. Despite these significant data limitations, factors influencing firm choice of employer ridesharing program components were identified. The influence of employer ridesharing programs on employee mode choice was modeled using weighted least squares logit regression analysis. Firm size was foung to be the single most important variable identified in the analysis. Larger firms were more likely to offer ridesharing incentives to their empolyees, and to report direct employer benefits from ridesharing. Alternative work hours hindered the formation of ridesharing arrangements in some cases. Relatively few firms promoted ridesharing on a purely voluntary basis. A private market for employer ridesharing services was found to exist, however. Personalized matching assistance may be a critical factor in developing more effective employer ridesharing programs. Parking pricing and supply control measures probably would have a larger impact on employee mode split overall. Parking management faces severe obstacles in implementation, some of which might be overcome through the more extensive provision of ridesharing services, such as personalized matching assistance. to employees at specific employment sites by their employers.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

物流中心选址方法的研究

在研究物流中心选址基本原则、分析物流中心选址常用方法的同时,综合物流中心选址的层次分析法(AHP)和数据包络法(DEA),提出了物流中心选址的AHP/随机DEA方法.通过引入随机变量,解决了数据包络分析中权重选择的不足之处,把选择物流中心地址过程中的主观判断转变为可信度判断,提高物流中心地址评价的可信度.该模型在实际物流评价应用中取得了较好的效果.     

利用模态分析技术获取轮胎的模态参数

由模态试验获取轮胎自由悬置的模态参数，应用模态分析技术进行轮胎力学研究，用模态综合法实现轮胎自由悬置到固定支承的转化，从而从理论上给出轮胎固定支承时的模态参数。计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

4118Z型柴油机油底壳模态与结构分析

本文利用有限元方法对4118Z型柴油机油底壳进行了模态分析,与实验结果进行了比较,两者较为一致,说明所用的有限元分析模型可用于油底壳动态响应分析及设计优化。利用该模型,分析了结构参数与油底壳振动模态的关系,从中总结出了一些基本规律。     

The opening of the Amsterdam Ring Road

This paper presents the results of a major before-and-after study carried out to establish the short term effects of the removal of a severe bottleneck in the road network around Amsterdam. An important focus in the study was on measuring changes in the timing of travel, as well as changes in route choice, mode choice, destination choice and frequency of travel. The results of the study indicated that, in the short run, there was little or no change in mode choice, nor was there significant emergence of new induced trips. On the other hand, large shifts in time of travel as well as route choice were reported, emphasising the importance of alterations to the timing and routes of existing trips when congestion is relieved, and the need to consider the benefits these bring in evaluating the impact of any road investment.     

基于Nested-Logit模型的国际集装箱运输链选择行为研究

以内陆腹地至沿海港口间的国际集装箱公路、铁路运输链为研究对象,在市场调查的基础上,选取港口航线密度、通关便利度、运输时间、运输费用、可靠性作为托运人运输链效用函数的变量,建立Nested-Logit模型。运用义乌市国际集装箱托运人的RP/SP调查数据,标定模型参数,分析托运人的运输链选择偏好,估算各条运输链选择概率的运输时间、运输费用、可靠性的弹性及其边际替代率,并据此提出发展海铁联运的对策建议。研究表明,开通义乌与港口之间的集装箱五定班列并辅以优惠的价格政策,可大幅提升铁路在国际集装箱运输链中的竞争力。