基于用户的综合交通运输体系及网络平衡研究

基于综合交通运输体系的特点,从用户出行需求的角度出发对综合交通运输体系进行了体系的界定和网络定义分析,根据层次分析法提出了基于用户出行需求的方式吸引函数。建立了实现综合变通运输体系网络交通分配模型,并对交通量分配作了流程分析。从理论上实现了综合交通运输体系的交通流量分配平衡。     

穿越紧邻隧道时盾构开挖面稳定性分析

当盾构近距离穿越邻近隧道时,由于存在既有隧道的刚度约束,隧道周围土体的破坏模式会受到既有隧道影响。考虑盾构近距离穿越紧邻已有隧道的特殊施工形式,构建三维弹塑性有限元计算模型,分析盾构处于不同位置时其开挖面失稳破坏形态、开挖面支护压力与盾构掘进位移之间的关系以及隧道上方地表沉降规律;基于极限平衡法,推导盾构近距离穿越紧邻隧道时开挖面极限支护压力变化模式,并对相关参数的敏感性进行验证讨论。研究结果表明:既有隧道的存在使得破坏区域受到抑制,沿开挖方向两滑动面不对称,靠近既有隧道的滑动面张开角比另一滑动面张开角小;随着楔形体倾斜角增大,相同内摩擦角条件下的开挖面支护压力不断增大,同时由于盾构掘进产生的土拱效应和盾构开挖面上方既有隧道的刚度约束,随着内摩擦角的不断增大,开挖面支护压力呈先增大后逐渐减小的抛物线形变化;相同参数条件下,盾构在黏性土层中掘进时,由于黏性土层中产生的土拱效应较弱,所需提供开挖面稳定的支护压力略大,开挖面支护压力较盾构在砂性土层中掘进时略大,随着埋深比的增加,维持盾构开挖面稳定的极限支护压力逐渐增大,且随着内摩擦角的增大,开挖面极限支护压力相应增大。研究成果可为类似盾构隧道工程建设提供一定的理论参考。     

UHPC梁受剪性能试验与抗剪承载力计算方法

为研究超高性能混凝土（Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC）薄腹梁受剪性能和抗剪承载力计算方法,设计制作11片模型梁开展荷载试验,试验参数包括纤维率、纤维种类、配箍率、剪跨比和混凝土强度。分析了试验梁破坏形态、裂缝开展过程和主要因素对梁体受力响应影响规律。试验结果表明：UHPC梁的受力过程分为弯曲开裂前弹性阶段、"桥联作用"失效前和"桥联作用"失效后3个阶段。UHPC梁剪切破坏具备一定延性且有明显征兆,为半延性-半脆性破坏。由于纤维"桥联作用",UHPC梁剪切开裂后呈多条剪切裂缝同时开展现象,破坏过程伴随着纤维持续从基体里拔出的"滋滋声"。此外,配置适量箍筋可使梁体破坏模式从脆性剪切破坏向更具延性的弯曲破坏转变。基于Rankine破坏准则,推导出剪压区混凝土简化强度准则;考虑T形截面翼缘的影响,提出腹板抗剪有效宽度计算方法;通过极限平衡法,得到考虑翼缘影响的混凝土抗剪贡献计算式。基于分项叠加思想,建立考虑混凝土、箍筋和纤维抗剪贡献的UHPC梁抗剪承载力理论计算式。该公式形式简单,物理意义明确,可以考虑纤维率、剪跨比和梁体尺寸等影响因素。用试验结果对提出的计算式进行验证,得到抗剪承载力理论计算值和试验值比值均值为0.94,标准差为0.17,计算结果表明提出的计算式可以较好地预测UHPC梁的抗剪承载力。     

Travel mental budgeting under road toll: An investigation based on user equilibrium

With the approach of introducing the conceptions of mental account and mental budgeting into the process of travelers’ route choice, we try to identify why the usages of tolled roads are often overestimated. Assuming that every traveler sets a mental account for his/her travel to keep track of their expense and keep out-of-pocket spending under control, it addresses these questions such that “How much money can I spend on the travel?” and “What if I spend too much?”. Route tolls that exceed the budget are much more unacceptable compared to those within budget due to the non-fungibility of money between different accounts. A simple network with two nodes and two routes is analyzed firstly, the analytical solutions are obtained and the optimal road tolls supporting the user equilibrium as a system optimum are also derived. The proposed model is then extended to a generalized network. The multiclass user equilibrium conditions with travel mental budgeting are formulated into an equivalent variational inequality (VI) problem and an equivalent minimization problem. Through analyses with numerical examples, it is found that the main reason that the usages of high tolled roads are often overestimated is due to the fact that travelers with low and moderate out-of-pocket travel budget perceive a much higher travel cost than their actual cost on the high tolled roads.     

Should subsidies to urban passenger transport be increased? A spatial CGE analysis for a German metropolitan area

In many countries passenger transport is significantly subsidized in a variety of ways for various reasons. The objective of this paper is to examine efficiency, distributional, environmental (CO₂ emissions) and spatial effects of increasing different kinds of passenger transport subsidies discriminating between household types, travel purposes and travel modes. The effects are calculated by applying a numerical spatial general equilibrium approach calibrated to an average German metropolitan area. In extension to most studies focusing on only one kind of subsidy, we compare the effects of different transport subsidies within the same unified framework that allows to account for two features not yet considered simultaneously in studies on transport subsidies: endogenous labor supply and location decisions. Furthermore, congestion, travel mode choice, travel related CO₂ emissions and institutional details regarding the tax system in Germany are taken into account. The results suggest that optimal subsidy levels are either small or even zero. While subsidizing public transport is welfare enhancing, subsidies to urban road traffic reduce aggregate urban welfare. Concerning the latter it is shown that making investments in urban road infrastructure capacity or reducing gasoline taxes may even be harmful to residents using predominantly automobile. In contrast, pure commuting subsidies hardly affect aggregate urban welfare, but distributional effects are substantial. All policies cause suburbanization of city residents and (except for subsidizing public transport) contribute to urban sprawl by raising the spatial imbalance of residences and jobs but the effect is relatively small. In addition, the policies induce a very differentiated pattern regarding distributional effects, benefits of landowners and environmental effects.     

Modeling the day-to-day traffic evolution process after an unexpected network disruption

Although various approaches have been proposed for modeling day-to-day traffic flow evolution, none of them, to the best of our knowledge, have been validated for disrupted networks due to the lack of empirical observations. By carefully studying the driving behavioral changes after the collapse of I-35W Mississippi River Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, we found that most of the existing day-to-day traffic assignment models would not be suitable for modeling the traffic evolution under network disruption, because they assume that drivers’ travel cost perception depends solely on their experiences from previous days. When a significant network change occurs unexpectedly, travelers’ past experience on a traffic network may not be entirely useful because the unexpected network change could disturb the traffic greatly. To remedy this, in this paper, we propose a prediction-correction model to describe the traffic equilibration process. A “predicted” flow pattern is constructed inside the model to accommodate the imperfect perception of congestion that is gradually corrected by actual travel experiences. We also prove rigorously that, under mild assumptions, the proposed prediction-correction process has the user equilibrium flow as a globally attractive point. The proposed model is calibrated and validated with the field data collected after the collapse of I-35W Bridge. This study bridges the gap between theoretical modeling and practical applications of day-to-day traffic equilibration approaches and furthers the understanding of traffic equilibration process after network disruption.     

公路网发展的排序模型

对于一个公路网的发展如何使投资发挥大的效益?本文通过采用交通流 平衡分配模型对公路网各发展方案的模拟,提出了对发展方案的排序模 型及算法,为公路网发展及规划提供依据。      

密封拍卖与土木工程招投标中的均衡投标策略

笔者在文中给出了独立私人价值下风险中性、常相对风险和常绝对风险(包括风险厌恶,风险中性和风险追求)及对数效用函数的投标人在第一价格密封拍卖和最低价格中标的采购招标中的均衡投标策略.     

自由竞争下道路收费定价的对策研究

基于对策论的原理,分析了高速公路和铁路运输的收费定价问题.以道路经营者为研究主体,建立了对策模型,研究在自由竞争的情况下高速公路和铁路一方的定价行为对另一方产生的影响.在双方都以利润最大化为目的前提下,得出影响收费定价的各个因素,以及双方在定价博弈中的相互制约程度,使收费定价达到均衡状态.给出了铁路公司与公路公司相互之间的反应函数,并通过此反应函数得到了最优均衡状态下的收费定价,在一定程度上为铁路和高速公路经营者提供了定价依据.     

ATIS影响下的混合随机用户均衡交通分配模型研究

在考虑信息对出行者路径选择行为影响的基础上,基于路网混合随机用户均衡建模理论,建立了ATIS影响下的混合随机用户均衡交通分配模型,证明了该数学规划模型解的等价性,设计了求解算法,并利用算例进行了计算分析.