Roll- and pitch-plane-coupled hydro-pneumatic suspension. Part 2: dynamic response analyses

In the first part of this study, the potential performance benefits of fluidically coupled passive suspensions were demonstrated through analyses of suspension properties, design flexibility and feasibility. In this second part of the study, the dynamic responses of a vehicle equipped with different configurations of fluidically coupled hydro-pneumatic suspension systems are investigated for more comprehensive assessments of the coupled suspension concepts. A generalised 14 degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model is developed and validated to evaluate vehicle ride and handling dynamic responses and suspension anti-roll and anti-pitch characteristics under various road excitations and steering/braking manoeuvres. The dynamic responses of the vehicle model with the coupled suspension are compared with those of the unconnected suspensions to demonstrate the performance potential of the fluidic couplings. The dynamic responses together with the suspension properties suggest that the full-vehicle-coupled hydro-pneumatic suspension could offer considerable potential in realising enhanced ride and handling performance, as well as improved anti-roll and anti-pitch properties in a very flexible and energy-saving manner.     

Simultaneous observation of the wheels’ torques and the vehicle dynamic state

The goal of the present study is to show how it is possible to estimate online the individual torques applied at each wheel of an automotive vehicle by using an unknown input observer together with a simple nonlinear state-space model. The necessary measurements are the steering angle, the usual rotation speed of each wheel plus the vertical load at the centre of each wheel. By doing this, this study anticipates the affordability of a new generation of wheel bearing with embedded measurements of transmitted forces. Successful simulated experimentations using a realistic simulator are shown. Validations are done using classical case studies of longitudinal, lateral and coupled dynamics. The present limits and some possible improvements of the proposed method are also discussed.     

Generalised multi-axle vehicle handling

The familiar two-axle bicycle model and associated basic concepts of vehicle handling are reviewed and used to introduce minor changes in convention from the literature. The two-axle model is extended to a three-axle vehicle to illustrate the effectiveness of the notation combined with a simplifying mathematical identity found in the two-axle vehicle literature. A generalised model is then developed that produces dynamic equations of motion by inspection for a vehicle with an arbitrary number of steerable and non-steerable axles. Furthermore, the vehicle dynamic concepts of understeer and wheelbase are generalised and can be directly computed for various arbitrary vehicle configurations.     

Impact of inerter nonlinearities on vehicle suspension control

This paper discusses the nonlinear properties of inerters and their impact on vehicle suspension control. The inerter was recently introduced as an ideal mechanical two-terminal element, which is a substitute for the mass element, where the applied force is proportional to the relative acceleration across the terminals. Until now, ideal inerters have been applied to vehicle, motorcycle and train suspension systems, in which significant performance improvement was achieved. However, due to the mechanical construction, some nonlinear properties of the existing mechanical models of inerters are noted. This paper investigates the inerter nonlinearities, including friction, backlash and the elastic effect, and their influence on vehicle suspension performance. A testing platform is also built to verify the nonlinear properties of the inerter model.     

A nonlinear virtual rider for motorcycles

This work presents a virtual rider for the guidance of a nonlinear motorcycle model. The target motion is defined in terms of roll angle and speed. The virtual rider inputs are the steering torque, the rear-wheel driving/braking torque and front-wheel braking torque. The virtual rider capability is assessed by guiding the nonlinear motorcycle model in demanding manoeuvres with roll angles of 50° and longitudinal accelerations up to 0.8 g. Considerations on the effective preview distance used by the virtual rider are included.     

直线电机地铁车辆转向架

介绍了直线电机地铁车辆转向架的功能和组成、径向转向架的采用、直线感应电机悬挂技术、直线感应电机气隙调节装置,最后提出了目前直线电机地铁车辆转向架设计建议。     

广州地铁三号线车辆空压机油乳化原因分析及对策

广州地铁三号线车辆由于列车的编组形式、系统性能等多方面的原因,空压机润滑油乳化现象极其严重。文章通过对空压机油乳化的原因分析,找出了一种有效的解决措施,并对如何避免乳化现象提出了建议。     

上海轨道交通一号线102号列车C1车体顶盖结构设计

介绍上海轨道交通一号线102号列车C1车体顶盖结构的设计原理、顶盖各结构件的组成,并阐述大断面铝型材在车体顶盖中的应用,以及标准化、模块化的先进设计理念在顶盖设计中的应用。     

考虑疲劳损伤约束的车辆焊接结构轻量化设计

针对车辆焊接结构轻量化与疲劳寿命问题,提出考虑焊缝疲劳损伤约束的轻量化设计方法.采用国际焊接学会(IIW)的焊接接头与部件的疲劳设计评估标准,基于迈纳尔损伤累积理论,预测焊缝的疲劳累积损伤;以结构质量最小为目标,在应力、位移等常规约束基础上,加入焊缝疲劳累积损伤约束,建立了车辆焊接结构的轻量化模型.研究基于有限元分析的结构轻量化优化设计策略,采用试验设计方法对设计空间合理抽样,以样本数据建立近似响应模型,采用数值优化算法寻优,提高复杂工程问题优化计算的效率.利用该方法对某焊接构架进行了考虑焊缝疲劳损伤约束的轻量化设计,采用均匀设计法对14个设计变量进行50次试验,以样本数据及响应值建立径向基神经网络近似模型,采用序列二次规划算法进行优化设计,质量减轻12.5%.对实例的计算证明该方法的可行性与实用性.     

城市轨道交通车辆最高运行速度的选择

研究目的:通过对影响列车最高运行速度的几大要素进行分析,寻找轨道交通车辆选型时确定列车最高运行速度等级的一般规律,从而达到节约能源、减少车底数的目的.研究结论:确定城市轨道交通车辆最高运行速度等级时一般以平均车站间距作为首要依据,车站间距约为3.4 km时,推荐选择列车最高运行速度120 km/h;当车站站间距约为2.3 km时,推荐选择列车最高运行速度100 km/h;当车站站间距约为1.5 km时,推荐选择列车最高运行速度80 km/h.