The quality of survey data: Telephone versus face-to-face interviews

Those designing surveys and producing data have always been concerned about its quality. The increasing stringency of the financial constraints which affect public authorities and the increased scope of involvement in the regulation of urban travel has led us to pay even greater attention to the quality of data. This issue is frequently covered in the literature on survey methods. However, comparisons between different survey methods are more rarely conducted. The decision to conduct such an analysis is partly the result of the development of telephone use to the detriment of other survey modes in many countries and also the development of Computer-Aided Telephone Interviewing (CATI) which facilitates the running and monitoring of the survey.This paper examines several aspects of this question in order to compare the performance of telephone and face-to-face interviews. The first aspect is the representativeness of the sample, and therefore relates mainly to the issue of nonresponses and the choice of a sample base. The second concerns the accuracy of the information and involves the choice of a survey area and the recording of all trips, including short-distance travel. Finally, the quality of data is obviously determined by the quality of the responses given by those interviewed.The answers we give frequently depend on the objective of the surveys, which leads us to put forward a table which summarizes the performance of telephone and face-to-face interviews on the basis of the main objective of the survey. Broadly, the telephone seems to be the favoured tool for surveys in the area of transport planning and surveys which aim to provide data for forecasting models, mostly on the grounds of cost. However, face-to-face techniques are often preferred for surveys which aim to discover and analyze the factors which explain individual travel behaviour.     

PA6-280柴油机的变工况多目标配气正时优化计算

建立了柴油机废气涡轮前的燃气能量和燃油消耗率的综合评价函数，采用多目标优化的方法，对PA6-280柴油机的进排气正时进行了优化计算，分析了配气正时的调控对柴油机性能的影响。     

循环式燃油系统的仿真和优化

本又研究了一种适合劣质燃油（重油）的新型循环式燃油系统（一泵二嘴四阀），并建立了描述新型喷油器的四区模型，以及用于燃油分配器和新型喷油泵的仿真模型。仿真结果与试验结果较为吻合。本文还进行了不同功率点变型方案的仿真研究和结构参数的优化设计分析，以满足不同船舶的需要。     

租船运输业务与法律课程专业双语教学调查问卷评析

为提高学生英语水平,突出我院办学特色,对管理系国航专业租船运输业务与法律课程双语教学进行问卷调查。对开展双语教学是否有必要、教学质量、教材质量、教师水平、双语授课的比例、教学时数、建议和看法等方面广泛征求学生的意见,大部分学生认为开展双语教学有必要,既提高了外语水平,又提升专业知识和能力。对双语课程教学质量、双语教学的教材、教师的知识水平表示满意；认为双语教学应保证质量,稳步增加。通过问卷调查,也发现学生对教师所讲知识的掌握程度不理想；过半学生未提前预习和课后复习所要讲授的内容。     

复式拱桥加固与保护设计

以重庆市石柱县过蛟龙古拱桥与现代新拱桥迭合而成的复式拱桥的加固与保护设计为例,通过现场病害调查、合理计算模型的探讨找出病害所在及病害产生的原因,提出了桥梁加固与保护所采取的方法。     

复杂形状海洋浮体水动力系数计算

网格划分是水动力计算的关键环节,文中针对复杂形状海洋浮体提出了一种湿表面网格划分方法.对于有复杂首尾结构的浮体,用型线重构的方式在首尾生成曲面构成所需要的截面线,将通用建模工具和NURBS曲线拟合相结合,生成相贯结构的相交线;然后,用分片法生成浮体湿表面及内自由面网格,并独立表达各自的速度势以处理不规则频率现象,进而进行水动力系数计算.计算结果表明,上述处理方式很适合复杂形状海洋浮体水动力系数的计算.     

潜水器多学科设计中的多目标协同优化方法

针对潜水器设计中涉及多个学科的耦合以及数据信息量大、数据关系复杂的问题,文章介绍了一种新的多目标协同优化算法.该方法将Pareto遗传算法(PGA)引入协同优化框架,二者的有机结合充分发挥各自的优势,该方法利用协同方法的分解协调机制将复杂系统的设计问题分解为一个系统级优化问题和几个学科级优化问题.采用PGA作为系统级优化器,不仅可以得到能够反映多目标优化问题实质的、客观的Pareto解集,而且,由于PGA是无需梯度信息的直接搜索算法,从而从根本上消除了协同优化由系统层一致性约束条件引起的收敛困难问题.在PGA与协同优化框架结合的过程中,采用目标函数的归一化处理、分级罚函数法、浮点数编码、群体分级和Paveto解集过滤器等技术提高算法的计算效率和可靠性,并通过一个数学算例和一个载人潜水器的例子证明了多目标协同优化算法的有效性.     

Optimized design for a MacPherson strut suspension with side load springs

Undesired lateral force inevitably exists in a MacPherson suspension system, which is liable to damper rod’s side wear and promotes the damper’s inner friction decreasing the ride performance from the suspension system. Substituting a new side load spring with curved centerline for the conventional coil spring has been proven able to solve these problems and Multi-body Dynamics combining with Finite Elements Analysis may be an efficient method in optimizing its design. Therefore, taking a passenger car as example, a detailed multi-body dynamics model for the suspension system is built to simulate forces exerted on the damper and the minimization of its lateral component is selected as the design target for the spring. When the structure optimization of the side load spring is performed using FEA software ANSYS, its vertical and lateral elastic characteristics, supported by test data, are analyzed. After importing FEA results back to the suspension system, the dynamics simulation can be performed to validate the optimization result.     

浅谈概率论中数学期望的计算方法

本文介绍了用特征函数、条件数学期望、对称性等求解数学期望的方法,解法各具特色.     

快速公交(BRT)线路布局优化研究

快速公交（BRT）是国际上公交发展的新模式。保证系统得以推广,同时应以低成本、显著见效为原则建设快速公交系统,因此对快速公交线路布局进行优化也是不可忽视的。为了探讨现有公共交通线网结构下如何优化BRT线路的布设问题．本文时快速公交线路布设的内部条件和外部条件进行了分析,并在此基础上依据快速公交的发展特点．以乘客的总出行时耗最小和车公里成本投入最小为目标,建立快速公交布局优化的模型．并且给出了优化目标和相应约束条件的函数表达式。通过事例分析对BRT线路布设优化算法进行说明．从而得知优化模型具有较高的应用价值。