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为识别区域综合交通系统能耗驱动因子,测算其对系统能耗的贡献度,将驱动因素分为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应,采用ASIF数据构造原理和时序列回归法识别各因子的相关性,运用迪氏分解方法建立扩展LMDI分解模型,计算各因子能耗贡献度.计算表明,规模效应和技术效应的影响程度在逐渐减弱,结构效应的影响程度在逐渐增加;运输结构还需要进一步优化,对系统能耗的影响还有很大下降空间;近年来能耗效率已经得到很大提高,但能耗效率对能耗的贡献正在逐渐减弱,未来提高运输强度对降低能耗有明显效果.经实证检验,计算模型可靠、结论可信,能为区域综合低碳交通政策制定提供更科学的依据.     

A Modeling Framework for Bus Rapid Transit Operations Evaluation and Service Planning

Abstract

In this paper, we present a dynamic traffic assignment-simulation modeling framework (DYNASMART-P) to support the evaluation and planning of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) services in urban transportation networks. The model represents the different characteristics associated with BRT operations such as: exclusive right-of-way lanes, limited-stop service, signal prioritization at congested intersections, and enhanced bus stops to reduce passenger boarding times. A set of simulation experiments is conducted using the model to study the impact of introducing a hypothetical BRT service in the Knoxville area in the State of Tennessee. In these experiments, the different operational characteristics of BRT are evaluated in terms of potential impact on transit ridership and on the interacting auto traffic. The results illustrate the advantages of BRT for increasing transit ridership and improving overall system performance.     

The treatment of traffic in the Dutch environmental outlooks: the role of science in policy making and policy evaluation

The Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection publishes Environmental Outlooks in which 25‐year projections are made. These Outlooks quantifying the environmental problems, form the scientific basis for Dutch environmental policy. Traffic and transport is one of the main sectors causing environmental problems. The emissions and energy use of all relevant categories (road traffic, non‐road traffic) are based on model simulations with models. This paper describes the main models used.

If present policy is implemented only a minority of the environmental targets will be met.

If a sustainable transport system for the Netherlands means a large reducton in CO₂ emissions and energy use after 2010 a stronger emphasis on both technical and non‐technical measures (such as land‐use planning combined with public transport improvements) for the period until 2010 is needed than proposed in the Second Transport Structure Plan, unless a sustainable energy source becomes available.     

快速公交客流量影响因素解释结构模型构建与应用

针对当前交通拥堵、能源紧张、尾气污染等一系列问题,为加快快速公共交通的发展、提高公共交通利用率,本文找出了影响快速公交客流的主要因素,利用系统工程学中的ISM方法,构建了快速公交客流系统解释结构模型,通过分析探讨快速公交客流的主要影响因素,进而明确了各因素间的清晰结构,得到影响快速公交客流量的5级递阶结构;最后找出影响快速公交客流因素的各影响因素.通过影响因素,建立了多元回归模型,从影响程度、影响方向、影响时期分别归类分析.通过分析各层级因素对快速公交客流量的影响,可引导更多居民选择快速公交出行,对缓解交通压力提供了一定方法指导和决策支持.并通过合理分析为快速公交运输服务提出了建议.     

某车型变速箱Rattle噪声问题改善研究

随着客户对整车舒适性的要求越来越高,汽车制造商在整车NVH性能方面也正面临着越来越严峻的挑战。就手动变速箱而言,目前遇到的主要NVH问题包括Whine、Rattle Clunk等。本文主要以公司某一车型售后抱怨的Rattle噪声问题改善为案例,阐述了Rattle噪声产生的机理,影响因素,解决措施及改善效果。     

基于ADAMS的麦弗逊悬架的动力学仿真和优化

本文以多刚体系统动力学为理论基础,应用多体运动学与动力学仿真软件ADAMS 中的Car专业模块建立了麦弗逊悬架多刚体模型。在对该悬架模型进行了两侧车轮同向跳动的仿真分析后,研究了前束角（Toe Angle）、车轮外倾角（Camber Angle）、主销后倾角（Caster Angle）、主销内倾角（Kingpin Inclination Angle）及车轮转向角（Steer Angle）五个悬架运动特性参数,同时研究了这五个运动特性参数对汽车的稳态响应特性、直线行驶的稳定性、操纵稳定性等众多性能的影响。此外,以改善悬架的性能为目标,从ADAMS/Car模块中导入ADAMS／Insight模块,对麦弗逊悬架五个运动特性参数进行了优化。最后,对优化前后的悬架运动特性参数曲线进行了比较,并从比较中得到较好的运动特性参数,从而对悬架进行了优化。     

基于PSO算法的船用永磁电机齿槽转矩优化

高效率、高转矩密度特性使得永磁电机已被广泛应用于舰船推进领域,然而永磁电机的齿槽转矩却降低了电机的性能。永磁电机齿槽转矩受多个电机参数的影响,这些参数与电机齿槽转矩之间存在非线性关系,通过参数优化来削弱齿槽转矩成为永磁电机齿槽转矩研究的重点。提出一种基于粒子群算法的永磁电机齿槽转矩优化方法,该方法选择对齿槽转矩影响较大的极弧系数、永磁体厚度和定子槽宽度3个参数为优化变量,以齿槽转矩峰值最小为优化目标,在对永磁电机齿槽转矩解析模型进行变形和简化的基础上,使用粒子群算法对解析模型进行参数优化,得到最优参数组合,并用有限元方法进行验证。结果表明,经该优化方法优化后,电机的齿槽转矩大幅降低。     

The ‘Four Dimensions of Behaviour’ framework: a tool for characterising behaviours to help design better interventions

This paper sets out the rationale and structure of a tool for assisting policy-makers and practitioners to understand behavioural challenges and open up thinking on the design of effective ‘behaviour change’ interventions. The ‘Four Dimensions of Behaviour’ (4DB) framework is based on the theoretical and empirical research in a range of policy domains including transport and pro-environmental behaviour more generally. The 4DB framework characterises multifaceted behaviours along dimensions of actor, domain, durability and scope. Its application in workshop or structured settings opens up diverse and non-exclusive discussion on designing interventions to match salient behavioural characteristics. The use of the 4DB framework in the transport domain is demonstrated for travel behaviours of interest to policy-makers using examples of buying plug-in vehicles (PiVs), commuting by bicycle, eco-driving and making business trips by train.     

紧邻大型深基坑的地铁隧道沉降预测方法研究

针对紧邻大型深基坑的地铁隧道因其变形影响因素复杂、变形控制严格而难以准确预测其沉降变形的问题,文章引入对小样本、复杂、非线性数据具有优越预测性能的支持向量机理论,并利用蚁群优化算法搜索支持向量机最优参数组合,建立了优化的支持向量机预测模型。应用该模型对南京市地铁1号线某段隧道的预测结果表明,该模型预测精度高,能够准确反映隧道变形趋势,可以满足紧邻大型深基坑地铁隧道沉降预测的要求。     

特种设备质保体系与ISO9001优化整合探析

文章以机械制造业通用ISO9001质量管理体系和特种设备制造TSG质量管理体系优化整合为压力容器质保体系的过程为例,着重阐述优化整合的内涵、主要内容、方法、措施以及实施效果,对企业实施质量管理具有一定的参考价值。