Parking Benefit Districts – The transferability of a measure to reduce car dependency to a European context

Parking Benefit Districts (PBDs) are a parking measure where revenues from on-street parking charges are returned to the area where they are charged, and stakeholders in the area participate in prioritizing how the revenues are to be spent. The purpose of this article is to analyse whether and how a PBD programme can be transferred to a European context, and whether it can contribute to reduced car dependency. The first part of the article provides an overview of some salient features of PBD programmes in the USA through a literature survey. This is followed by results from interviews and from a focus group with civil servants and a deputy mayor in Stockholm. The results are used to analyse the conditions for implementing a PBD programme in Stockholm, as well as for analysing how such a programme can be designed to reduce car dependency. A main conclusion is that there are no legal barriers that render a PBD programme impossible in Stockholm, even though there are some legal restrictions. We also conclude that a PBD programme might contribute to reduced car dependency in two different ways, either by increasing acceptance for parking charges or by improving the alternatives to private cars. There seem to be several aspects in a PBD programme that can contribute to increased acceptance for parking charges. However, there is no tradition of working with these principles in Sweden and the programme’s redistributional effects need to be taken into account when designing the programme.     

Parking management for promoting sustainable transport in urban neighbourhoods. A review of existing policies and challenges from a German perspective

ABSTRACT

The organisation of parking is a key challenge to more sustainable mobility in urban areas, as its pricing and availability affect the rates of private car ownership and use. However, changing parking policies is a challenging issue for local politicians and planners because residents frequently oppose changes or restrictions to conditions they have taken for granted such as on-street parking in a public space. The aim of this paper is firstly to assess how the parking policy of an urban neighbourhood can be structured to contribute to more sustainable mobility and to increase liveability in the neighbourhood. The second aim is to apply the policies reviewed to an example neighbourhood. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed academic literature and identified five types of relevant parking policies: (i) maximum parking requirements, (ii) physical detachment of residence and parking space, (iii) residential parking permits and the limitation of available parking space, (iv) performance-based pricing and (v) parking as a demand management strategy. We discovered that most research focuses on econometric models about parking and that studies rarely address the effects of parking on the quality of life in neighbourhoods. Therefore, we need further research regarding the relationship of parking and liveability. We conclude that for the implementation of such parking policies in an example neighbourhood, the municipality needs to develop a mobility vision for its city. It has to understand parking as a tool for transportation demand management to increase the acceptance of parking policy concepts and to avoid spillover problems. Finally, in the German case, as in most other countries, states and municipalities need to redesign their legal frameworks to be able to manage parking supply better and to react to changes related to digital developments and parking. The findings have implications for other European neighbourhoods regarding the transfer from research to local circumstances and applications for the whole city.     

Integrating parking behaviour in activity-based travel demand modelling: Investigation of the relationship between parking type choice and activity scheduling process

Traditionally, the parking choice/option is considered to be an important factor in only in the mode choice component of a four-stage travel demand modelling system. However, travel demand modelling has been undergoing a paradigm shift from the traditional trip-based approach to an activity-based approach. The activity-based approach is intended to capture the influences of different policy variables at various stages of activity-travel decision making processes. Parking is a key policy variable that captures land use and transportation interactions in urban areas. It is important that the influences of parking choice on activity scheduling behaviour be identified fully. This paper investigates this issue using a sample data set collected in Montreal, Canada. Parking type choice and activity scheduling decision (start time choice) are modelled jointly in order to identify the effects of parking type choice on activity scheduling behaviour. Empirical investigation gives strong evidence that parking type choice influences activity scheduling process. The empirical findings of this investigation challenge the validity of the traditional conception which considers parking choice as exogenous variable only in the mode choice component of travel demand models.     

驻车制动力的检验方法分析

根据全国农用运输车统检的统计资料，以及车辆在上，下坡路面上驻车状态的受力分析，认为反力式制动试验台只具有单晌拖动能力，当以瓜力式制动试验台进行出厂检验和安全性能检测时，造成相反方向，驻车制动性能的全面漏检。     

北京地铁9号线车站人性化设计

全方位地阐述北京地铁9号线车站的人性化设计,该设计不仅停留在"以人为本"的原则和概念上,更多地体现在细节的优化上,充分考虑站内乘客和运营管理人员、城市公共交通接驳和城市的整体规划,重点对换乘站和标准站的设计、全线公共设施采用标准的差别化、无障碍设施的系统化等进行阐述.     

城市快速轨道交通线网运营设施配置参数特征分析

在对世界上各城市规模合理分类的基础上,通过对其线网各发展期所表现出的整体网络服务水平、运营设施配置参数的统计、归纳和趋势分析,结合运营成本和效益原则,提出相关各规模城市各发展阶段的发展特征,以及其各阶段的网络服务水平和运营设施配置标准。     

基于网络瓶颈控制的轨道交通车站客流疏导研究

轨道交通客流在特定时空区间的强聚集效应导致车站内部设施的服务能力与客流量不匹配,极易造成乘客拥堵、滞留等问题。通过对轨道交通车站客流流线大范围调研,确定服务设施实际通行能力,识别车站瓶颈区域。进而利用多点联动的瓶颈控制方法,构建网络瓶颈客流疏导模型,协调流线网络结构中设施通行能力的匹配度,计算瓶颈点上下游客流调节量。以北京东单地铁换乘站为例进行流线瓶颈优化,制定不同客流强度下瓶颈优化方案,验证模型的有效性和实用性。模型可协助车站管理人员明确瓶颈控制区域的范围,并制定详细的限流泄流乘客量分配,为高密度客流组织提供理论依据与数据支撑。     

我国大中城市机动车停放设施研究

车辆停放问题越来越受到大中城市交通主管部门和市民的关注,在分析目前我国城市机动车停放设施现状的基础上,结合国内外实践经验,提出修建立体式停车场是解决未来城市停车难问题的最佳途径。     

城际快速铁路交通枢纽规划研究

随着我国城际快速铁路的快速规划和建设,传统的规划方法较难适应新形势发展要求,为使新的交通枢纽适应并引导城市及枢纽周边地区发展,对城际快速铁路枢纽的交通特征、交通设施布局等若干重大问题展开分析,并结合成灌快速铁路都江堰站交通枢纽的规划案例,提出新的城际快速铁路枢纽交通规划应进行枢纽客运量及设施规模预测、将交通功能放首位、让内部交通组织和交通要素高效集中、对外部交通影响最小才能实现枢纽交通的综合化、立体化、人性化规划实际要求。     

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为了满足城市日益增长的停车需求并缓解市中心交通压力,在轨道交通停车换乘(P&R)条件下,研究区域停车设施的选址方法及规模测算方法.基于随机用户选择原理,构建城市中心区及外围区域的停车需求预测Logit模型.以车辆总出行距离最短为目标函数,构建轨道交通P&R站选址优化模型.提出城市中心区及外围P&R站的停车场规模测算方法.以大连市西安路商业圈为研究对象,开展停车需求调查并分析其特征.依据调查数据,进行轨道交通P&R站选址规划与规模测算案例研究.研究表明,对于具有轨道交通的城市,该方法较传统规划方法更有利于引导停车需求在用地空间上的合理分布.