How driver behaviour and parking alignment affects inductive charging systems for electric vehicles

Inductive charging, a form of wireless charging, uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This emerging technology offers an alternative solution to users having to physically plug in their electric vehicle (EV) to charge. Whilst manufacturers claim inductive charging technology is market ready, the efficiency of transfer of electrical energy is highly reliant on the accurate alignment of the coils involved. Therefore understanding the issue of parking misalignment and driver behaviour is an important human factors question, and the focus of this paper. Two studies were conducted, one a retrospective analysis of 100 pre-parked vehicles, the second a dynamic study where 10 participants parked an EV aiming to align with a charging pad with no bay markings as guidance. Results from both studies suggest that drivers are more accurate at parking laterally than in the longitudinal direction, with a mean lateral distance from the centre of the bay being 12.12 and 9.57 cm (retrospective and dynamic studies respectively) compared to longitudinally 23.73 and 73.48 cm. With current inductive charging systems having typical tolerances of approximately ±10 cm from their centre point, this study has shown that only 5% of vehicles in both studies would be aligned sufficiently accurately to allow efficient transfer of electrical energy through induction.     

An equilibrium analysis of commuter parking in the era of autonomous vehicles

This study is the first in the literature to model the joint equilibrium of departure time and parking location choices when commuters travel with autonomous vehicles (AVs). With AVs, walking from parking spaces to the work location is not needed. Instead, AVs will drop off the commuters at the workplace and then drive themselves to the parking spaces. In this context, the equilibrium departure/arrival profile is different from the literature with non-autonomous vehicles (non-AVs). Besides modeling the commuting equilibrium, this study further develops the first-best time-dependent congestion tolling scheme to achieve the system optimum. Also, a location-dependent parking pricing scheme is developed to replace the tolling scheme. Furthermore, this study discusses the optimal parking supply to minimize the total system cost (including both the travel cost and the social cost of parking supply) under either user equilibrium or system optimum traffic flow pattern. It is found that the optimal planning of parking can be different from the non-AV situation, since the vehicles can drive themselves to parking spaces that are further away from the city center and walking of commuters is avoided. This paper sheds light on future parking supply planning and traffic management.     

A novel permit scheme for managing parking competition and bottleneck congestion

Morning commuters may have to depart from home earlier to secure a parking space when parking supply in the city center is insufficient. Recent studies show that parking reservations can reduce highway congestion and deadweight loss of parking competition simultaneously. This study develops a novel tradable parking permit scheme to realize or implement parking reservations when commuters are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in their values of time. It is found that an expirable parking permit scheme with an infinite number of steps, i.e., the ideal-scheme, is superior to a time-varying pricing scheme in the sense that designing a permit scheme does not require commuters’ value of time information and the performance of the scheme is robust to the variation of commuters’ value of time. Although it is impractical to implement the ideal-scheme with an infinite number of steps, the efficiency loss of a permit scheme with finite steps can be bounded in both cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous commuters. Moreover, considering the permit scheme may lead to an undesirable benefit distribution among commuters, we propose an equal cost-reduction distribution of parking permits where auto commuters with higher value of time will receive fewer permits.     

A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand

This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site‐specific studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important influence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site‐specific studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which reflects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model specification are made.     

关于城市道路建设工程交通影响评价的若干思考

目前在国内还鲜有类似"城市道路建设工程交通影响评价"的提法和应用。通过将其与《建设项目交通影响评价技术标准》中所涉及的相关内容进行比较分析并总结实践经验,探讨了该项工作开展的必要性,以及所应包含的内容。     

国内外锂离子动力电池安全性技术标准对比分析

在介绍国内外锂离子动力电池安全性技术标准的基础上,对比分析其主要差异。针对QC/T 743-2006,指出其存在的主要问题并提出相应建议,为该标准的修订提供参考。     

基于递阶优化算法的高铁周转箱标准研究

基于对铁路平托盘标准化研究成果中的2种推荐托盘规格(1 200 mm×1 000 mm、1 200 mm×800 mm)进行考虑,为了设计出与1 200 mm×1 000 mm或1 200 mm×800 mm相匹配的周转箱,并且尺寸要符合ISO物料包装标准模数600 mm×400 mm,最后选用600 mm×400 mm作为周转箱的底面尺寸.利用递阶优化算法研究适用于高铁快运的周转箱标准.在对3种高铁车型的载箱效率进行分析后,得出600 mm×400 mm×335 mm的周转箱尺寸理论最优解.     

基于案例的焊装夹具设计分析

通过对海马汽车白车身焊装夹具应用中发现的问题,结合夹具设计资料,简要总结了焊装夹具在设计上需要重点关注的部位和要点,提出了相应的措施。     

A regression on climate policy: The European Commission’s legislation to reduce CO2 emissions from automobiles

As part of its efforts to reach the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, in April 2009 the European Commission enacted new legislation to reduce the per-kilometer CO₂ emissions of newly registered automobiles. This paper critically assesses this legislation with respect to its economic and technological underpinnings. First, we argue that the reliance on targets based on per-kilometer emissions not only conceals the true cost of compliance and thereby stifles informed public discourse, but is also less cost-effective than alternative measures such as emissions trading. Second, the emission targets stipulated in this legislation are based on linear-regression methods that we demonstrate to be poorly justified and misleading. Using instead stochastic-frontier analysis, which is argued to more accurately reflect the industry’s technological status quo, alternative targets are consequently proposed.     

高职院校汽车检测与维修技术专业建设标准思考

专业建设标准是专业教学和专业建设的重要指导性依据,对于专业人才培养质量和服务区域经济发展具有重要的意义。文章调研分析了汽车检测与维修技术专业定位和人才培养方案,对课程体系和教学学时安排建设、师资队伍建设、实践教学建设、校企合作和国际交流建设等情况进行了分析。提出了汽车检测与维修技术专业建设标准的建议。可为省内其它院校汽车检测与维修技术专业建设提供参考。