Accident severity analysis using ordered probit model

To reduce injuries in road crashes, better understanding is needed between the relationship of injury severity and risk factors. This study seeks to identify the contributing factors affecting crash severity with broad considerations of driver characteristics, roadway features, vehicle types, pedestrian characteristics and crash characteristics using an ordered probit model. It also explores how the interaction of these factors will affect accident severity risk. Three types of accidents were investigated: two-vehicle crashes, single vehicle crashes and pedestrian accidents. The reported crash data in Singapore from 1992 to 2001 were used to illustrate the process of parameter estimation. Several factors such as vehicle type, road type, collision type, location type, pedestrian age, time of day of accident occurrence were found to be significantly associated with injury severity. It was also found that injury severity decreases over time for the three types of accident investigated.     

Microscopic simulation of pedestrians in accessibility evaluation

Evaluation of accessibility is of increasing importance to the design of the public realm – including both the built and moving environments and particularly the interface between them. This is of particular relevance to people who are living on the ‘margins of accessibility’, for example, elderly or disabled people. This paper discusses the interactions between a person, the environment and the activities they wish to pursue, and proposes a model that incorporates the concept of ‘capabilities’. The paper then describes how the systematization of these concepts could be tested by incorporating them in a microscopic simulation model of pedestrian activity. A worked example is used to demonstrate how the conceptual approach could yield consistent results under these circumstances. The paper concludes that the conceptual model provides a good basis for the evaluation of accessibility and that the microscopic simulation model incorporating these characteristics would be a useful way of testing pedestrian–environment interactions.     

Increase in particle number emissions from motor vehicles due to interruption of steady traffic flow

We assess the increase in particle number emissions from motor vehicles driving at steady speed when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. Considering the example of a signalized pedestrian crossing on a two-way single-lane urban road, we use a complex line source method to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses and show that the total emissions during a red light is significantly higher than during the time when the light remains green. Replacing two cars with one bus increased the emissions by over an order of magnitude.     

信道占用度测试在通信选频中的应用

通常在干扰试验中,通信双方首先要选择较安静的频段用来传输信息,这首先就需要对所需的频段进行监测,了解信道的占用情况,以确定可用的通信频率。本文研究了信道占用度的测量方法,并在某自动化测量系统中实现。     

泡沫应变率对行人小腿碰撞性能影响的研究

建立了车辆-行人小腿碰撞模型,在考虑和不考虑泡沫应变率效应的条件下进行了车辆保险杠与行人小腿的碰撞模拟分析,并与试验结果进行了对比.通过对小腿加速度、弯曲角、剪切位移3个性能参数的模拟分析结果表明,泡沫应变率对行人小腿碰撞性能影响较大,因此在实际分析中必须考虑泡沫材料的应变率效应.     

反J-C模型调控纠缠原子量子特性

单个二能级原子在强经典驱动和大失谐的双重条件下,系统可以等效化为反J-C模型.在此模型中将一对纠缠二能级原子中的一个注入该腔中,演化之后,对腔外原子做选择性测量,可以调控腔内原子的布居和偶极压缩.经过研究发现利用此种方法来远程调控原子的布居和偶极压缩效果更佳.     

我国城市步行交通发展策略探讨

深入分析了我国城市步行交通面临的普遍性问题,相应地从土地利用模式、步行空间保障与环境营造、步行网络化建设、公众参与的规划决策机制等方面提出了适应于我国城市的步行交通发展策略和改善思路。     

城轨“违反警冲”计轴故障时行车组织方法

在城市轨道交通中,计轴已基本取代轨道电路成为检测轨道空闲的基础设备。在城轨运营过程中,计轴非物理占用故障频率较高,当故障计轴的计轴点“违反警冲”时,如行车组织方法不当将对运营组织造成很大的影响,因此根据信号原理制订合理的行车组织方法显得十分必要。基于城市轨道交通CBTC系统的信号原理,对“违反警冲”的计轴非物理占用故障下的行车组织方法进行总结及探讨,并通过实际案例加以说明。     

基于行人保护的SUV前保险杠防撞系统优化

为减小SUV车型在人车碰撞中对行人小腿的伤害,文章对SUV车型前保险杠造型进行了优化。分析了上支撑与下支撑布置和材料对小腿碰撞伤害值的影响,结果表明,当前保险杠上支撑安装位置处于小腿上部质心以下时,上支撑与小腿上部质心距离及上支撑材料对胫骨加速度值影响较大,上支撑与下支撑距离与下支撑材料对剪切位移影响较大。采用优化后的前保险杠防撞系统有效地控制了行人小腿伤害值,有利于该车型行人保护性能的提升,为以后SUV车型行人保护前保险杠防撞系统设计提供一些参考。     

行人保护头型冲击器有限元模型研发

文章针对国内外汽车行人保护相关法规,建立了行人保护头型冲击器的有限元模型。结合MODYMO建模特点深入研究,通过确定头型冲击器的关键设计参数,开发出能够快速确定3．5kg和4．5kg（包括2．5kg和4．8kg）头型建模参数的程序,并进行建模,通过静态（跌落）、动态（侧向冲击）标定试验,验证模型正确,可用于汽车行人保护开发设计,