Effects of built environment on walking at the neighbourhood scale. A new role for street networks by modelling their configurational accessibility?

The hypothesis of this paper is that some features of the built environment, particularly those concerned with the accessibility of the street network, could be associated with the proportion of pedestrians on all trips (modal split) found in different parts of a city. Quantitative analysis (bi-variate correlation and a multiple regression model) was used to establish the association between variables. The study area covered a substantial part of the metropolitan area in Madrid, Spain. Results showed a consistent influence of five particular indexes in the multi-variate model. Not surprisingly for this kind of research, four of them described density and mix of land uses. But perhaps more interestingly, the first one was a measure of the accessibility of the public space network, a less prominent variable in literature to date. This variable is called herein configurational accessibility, calculated using Space Syntax, an urban morphology theory. The relevance of configurational accessibility is probably related to its surprising ability to synthesize global and perceived properties of street networks at the same time. The findings introduce the idea that the configuration of the urban grid can influence the proportion of pedestrians (as a part of total trips in any transport mode) who choose to walk on single-journey trips. The discussion links with the current debate about walkability indexes and the need of empirical support for the chosen variables and also with transport planning. Because the relevance of the street network’s role is not so easy to grasp, inputs from configurational theory and the pedestrian potential underlying this fact are also discussed at the end of the paper.     

动态管理模式下路侧停车泊位占有率预测方法

城市停车已逐步实现信息化和动态化管理，本文对动态管理模式下大范围路侧泊位占有率预测方法进行研究.在收集美国旧金山492万条停车交易数据的基础上，利用可同时提取数据空间关联和时序趋势特征的卷积长短时记忆神经网络(Convolutional LSTM Network，ConvLSTM)，分别构建考虑停车费率和时限动态变化的有政策模型，和没有动态管理信息输入的无政策模型.结果显示，有政策模型的训练效率和预测精度会显著提升.在政策平稳阶段，两种模型均能够有效预测泊位占有率；在政策发生变化时段，无政策模型的预测误差出现激增，但有政策模型的预测误差依然保持平稳，表明本文提出的方法能够很好地应对动态管理模式下停车需求的变化.     

雪峰山隧道横洞专用防火门研究

公路隧道根据防灾和营运时需要，在人行横通道内都有必要设置防火门。提出了一种新型的防火门，并且阐述了其开启方式、结构型式、工作原理。这种全新的结构型式，火灾时能够真正起到防火隔烟的作用。     

Robust real-time pedestrians detection in urban environments with low-resolution cameras

Detecting that pedestrians are present in front of a vehicle is highly desirable to avoid dangerous traffic situations. A novel vision-based system is presented to automatically detect far-away pedestrians with low-resolution cameras mounted in vehicles given the contributions of fixed cameras present in the scene.Fixed cameras detect pedestrians by solving an inverse problem built upon a multi-class dictionary of atoms approximating the foreground silhouettes. A sparse-sensing strategy is proposed to extract the foreground silhouettes and classify them in real-time. Mobile cameras detect pedestrians given only their appearance in the fixed cameras. A cascade of compact binary strings is presented to model the appearance of pedestrians and match them across cameras.The proposed system addresses the practical requirements of transportation systems: it runs in real-time with low memory loads and bandwidth consumption. We evaluate the performance of our system when extracted features are severely degraded and the sensing devices are of low quality. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our collaborative vision-based system.     

A dynamic evacuation model for pedestrian–vehicle mixed-flow networks

In urban emergency evacuation, a potentially large number of evacuees may depend either on transit or other modes, or need to walk a long distance, to access their passenger cars. In the process of approaching the designated pick-up points or parking areas for evacuation, the massive number of pedestrians may cause tremendous burden to vehicles in the roadway network. Responsible agencies often need to contend with congestion incurred by massive vehicles emanating from parking garages, evacuation buses generated from bus stops, and the conflicts between evacuees and vehicles at intersections. Hence, an effective plan for such evacuation needs to concurrently address both the multi-modal traffic route assignment and the optimization of network signal controls for mixed traffic flows. This paper presents an integrated model to produce the optimal distribution of vehicle and pedestrian flows, and the responsive network signal plan for massive mixed pedestrian–vehicle flows within the evacuation zone. The proposed model features its effectiveness in accounting for multiple types of evacuation vehicles, the interdependent relations between pedestrian and vehicle flows via some conversion locations, and the inevitable conflicts between intersection turning vehicle and pedestrian flows. An illustrating example concerning an evacuation around the M&T stadium area has been presented, and the results indicate the promising properties of our proposed model, especially on reflecting the complex interactions between vehicle and pedestrian flows and the favorable use of high-occupancy vehicles for evacuation operations.     

Waiting zones for realistic modelling of pedestrian dynamics: A case study using two major German railway stations as examples

The value of a pedestrian stream simulation depends on its ability to reproduce natural behaviour of pedestrians in different situations. Most models assume that pedestrians are single-minded and constantly move towards their destinations. However, our observations at two major German railway stations made during field experiments and our analysis of video recordings at one of these stations revealed that in virtually every setting a significant proportion of pedestrians do not walk continuously. Instead, they occasionally change their route in order to visit certain locations and stand there for a period of time. By waiting, they often block walking pedestrians and thereby influence the overall dynamics.In this paper, we evaluate the impact of waiting pedestrians and propose a model for waiting pedestrians based on cellular automata. The model is able to reproduce the observed pedestrian behaviour. We illustrate the model with simulations of several real life scenarios for a major German railway station and show that during rush hour standing pedestrians may prolong walking time by up to nearly 20%. We also demonstrate how the developed model can be used for the analysis of infrastructures, and prediction of problematic areas in public spaces.     

我国铁路客运市场占有率变动趋势分析

综述了我国各咎运输方式历年客运市场占有率变动状况分析了铁路客运市场占有率下降的原因，展望了铁路客运市场占有份额发展趋势及其应占有的市场份额，提出了５项主要对策。     

The evaluation of high occupancy vehicle lanes on sun yat‐sen freeway in Taiwan

This study proposes a methodological framework to incorporate latent factors, including direct and indirect perceptions, as the explanatory variables in a discrete choice models using revealed preference and stated preference data sets. The methodology requires the estimation of a model system comprising of a discrete choice model and the structural and measurement equations of a latent variable model. The application involves the evaluation of responses to the new high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on the Sun Yat‐Sen Freeway in Taiwan. The results obtained from this study provide valuable insights into the planning and assessment of HOV lanes.     

碳纤维复合材料发动机罩行人保护性能的试验验证

为研究碳纤维复合材料发动机罩行人保护性能,与同结构金属发动机罩进行了对比试验验证。试验结果表明,碳纤维复合材料发动机罩的头部合成加速度峰值比金属发动机罩平均低30%,在结构加强位置类似的情况下,其更有利于降低头部伤害值;碳纤维复合材料发动机罩对发动机舱内布置影响较小;碳纤维复合材料发动机罩在受到行人头部冲击后能够保证结构的完整性,有利于降低事故维修成本。     

基于EuroNCAP V6．2行人保护小腿碰撞优化

为减小人车碰撞时对行人小腿的伤害,文章基于某车型E-NCAP星级性能提升,采用虚拟仿真与试验测试有效结合的方法,对失分点碰撞过程和失分原因进行分析,确定降低低速吸能盒刚度的优化方向。通过对该车型的优化,有效减轻了行人小腿伤害。优化后,胫骨加速度降低55．40％,膝部弯曲角度降低69．5％,膝部剪切位移降低3％,提升了该车型行人保护性能,为后续设计提供了参考。