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121.
Levels of support for 20 mph limits in Great Britain are consistently high. However, these positive attitudes are not translating into similarly positive behaviour changes in terms of complying with these new speed limits. Recent research from the authors studied the complex relationship between support and compliance, with qualitative findings suggesting that copycat driving could create a ‘vicious circle effect’ that leads to increased levels of non-compliance. However it is also possible that an alternative ‘virtuous circle’ effect may emerge from the high levels of societal support for 20 mph limits pressurising drivers to comply with speed limits. In this work the authors investigated these issues and we report on data and analysis of a large scale survey of drivers and residents undertaken in Great Britain. We explain the origins of vicious and virtuous circles in driver behaviour and study the data from the survey, offering an analysis of attitudes and claimed behaviours that has implications for policy-makers and professionals working with low urban speed limits. We discuss the issues for speed limit enforcement, making reference to the public relations ‘battle’ for public opinion. It is concluded that normative compliance, triggered by community and other campaigning, may be the most realistic mechanism for countering the difficulties of government funding in promoting compliance. 相似文献
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Choices of travel mode and trip chain as well as their interplays have long drawn the interests of researchers. However, few studies have examined the differences in the travel behaviors between holidays and weekdays. This paper compares the choice of travel mode and trip chain between holidays and weekdays tours using travel survey data from Beijing, China. Nested Logit (NL) models with alternative nesting structures are estimated to analyze the decision process of travelers. Results show that there are at least three differences between commuting-based tours on weekdays and non-commuting tours on holidays. First, the decision structures in weekday and holiday tours are opposite. In weekday tours people prefer to decide on trip chain pattern prior to choosing travel mode, whereas in holiday tours travel mode is chosen first. Second, holiday tours show stronger dependency on cars than weekday tours. Third, travelers on holidays are more sensitive to changes in tour time than to the changes in tour cost, while commuters on weekdays are more sensitive to tour cost. Findings are helpful for improving travel activity modeling and designing differential transportation system management strategies for weekdays and holidays. 相似文献
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This paper extends previous works on total factor productivity decomposition when firms receive both operating and capital subsidies. It shows that previous works considered either the lump-sum or substitution effects of these subsidies but not together. Using constrained cost minimization as the framework it offers formal proofs to show that cost increases are inevitable if the total effects of the subsidies are considered, and that total factor productivity growth results from increasing amounts of subsidies under economies of scale and in the absence of technical change. Applications of the decomposition equations derived to a sample of transit systems finds near constant returns to scale and negative contributions of these subsidies to total factor productivity growth. Technical change reverses this decline and results in total factor productivity growth. Further, it finds that the lump-sum effects of the subsidies reduce total factor productivity more than does the substitution effect. 相似文献
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整体桥具有使用寿命长、施工方便、造价及养护费用低等特点,目前在国内外得到了广泛应用与推广。然而,整体桥在季节性温度荷载作用下会发生往复位移,并产生桥台-桩基-土相互作用。为此,以福建上坂大桥为背景,设计制作桥台-桩基结构试验模型,开展桥台-H形钢桩基-土相互作用低周往复荷载拟静力试验研究,主要研究桥台、桩基的滞回性能与变形规律以及桥台-桩基-土三者相互作用的机理。结果表明:桥台与桩基的等效黏滞阻尼比均较大,其值大于0.15,即整体桥具有良好的抗震性能和耗能能力;整体桥在温度作用下桩基处于弹性状态,但会发生残余变形,同时在台背与桩顶的一定宽度和深度范围内存在土体脱空现象,实际工程中产生桥头跳车、搭板沉降的原因不仅与台后土体的特性相关,还与桥台结构的受力机理相关;仅测量和分析上部未入土结构的变形并不能准确反映整体结构的变形规律;试验循环加载全过程桥台-桩基-土相互作用会产生累积变形,其中桩基的累积变形要大于桥台的累积变形,且其累积变形远大于任意单步荷载作用下产生的变形;目前对于现有桥台-桩基变形的理论并未考虑累积变形的影响,该研究结果可为有关规范的制订提供参考。 相似文献
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为寻求常规连续刚构桥适用跨径和斜拉桥适用跨径之间的合理、经济桥型,在常规连续刚构桥的基础上结合拱桥的力学特点提出空腹式连续刚构桥型。该桥型在常规连续刚构桥的形式上加大箱梁根部高度,并对箱梁根部的腹板进行挖空,减轻自重,形成梁-拱组合力学效应,从而提高结构承载效率,增强桥梁跨越能力。空腹式连续刚构桥可布置为单主跨、多主跨以及单T的形式,也可与常规连续刚构组合,桥墩可采用双肢薄壁墩或箱形柱式墩。采用正交试验法对该桥型关键结构参数进行研究,并根据实际工程对总体结构参数取值提出建议。该桥型采用平衡悬臂方法施工,工程造价指标、运营维护技术要求及费用与常规连续刚构桥相当,适用跨径在200~400 m,可望填补常规连续刚构桥适用跨径和斜拉桥适用跨径之间的空白。 相似文献
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为分析中国车市当前发展趋势,给汽车产销单位和领导机关决策提供参考,文章采用“车市波动分析法”,从宏观经济与车市波动关系入手,进行数据处理,作出车市波动图和数据表。分析研究后得出以下结论:中国车市2009年底已进入“第6次扩张高峰期”,达到创纪录的新水平,但后继波动恐难避免。文章根据中国车市发展实际提出波形组成内容变化新建议。 相似文献
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以某顶推施工独塔钢箱梁斜拉桥为背景,通过不同方法对比确定合理成桥状态。在此基础上,应用ANSYS软件,考虑扁平钢箱梁的剪力滞效应,对斜拉桥的成桥状态进行荷载检验,确认桥梁营运期的安全可靠。 相似文献