基于机器视觉的钢轨表面检测光学模型的研究

在机器视觉的检测中,图像是整个系统中最重要的原始数据,其质量决定了后期图像处理的效果和速度。为探讨高质量图像的采集,提出一种基于线阵CCD相机和线阵光源的钢轨表面缺陷检测的光学理论模型,分析线阵CCD采集系统中振动模糊的原因,推导出图像灰度值与系统振动幅度和缺陷深度的关系,研究光源照射角度和相机拍摄角度对图像灰度和缺陷区域对比度的影响,并通过实验验证模型的合理性。结果表明:缺陷区域图像灰度值随着钢轨表面缺陷深度增大而降低,采用较低的光源照射角度可增大缺陷与背景的对比度,突出缺陷特征便于后期图像处理的缺陷识别。     

城际轨道交通信号系统设计方案探讨

针对城际轨道交通信号系统工程,讨论了信号系统适用的几种方案。考虑到工程实际条件,从运营需求、系统功能、实施难度等方面对几种信号系统方案进行了比选讨论,对城际轨道交通信号系统的建设具有一定的参考意义。     

快速公交站台形式及位置最佳布置方法

快速公交在我国部分城市已经开始实践,但对于站台的形式及位置的选择,我国还没有相应的理论依据。在阐述快速公交站台各种形式的适用性及布置方法的基础上,详细分析了路中式快速公交站台设置在交叉口进口和出口的适用性及位置形式。最后,以乘客时间效益为主要指标,建立了乘客出行延误模型,提出适合我国混合交通特性的站台最佳布置方法,为我国快速公交的实践提供依据。     

Improving rail network velocity: A machine learning approach to predictive maintenance

Rail network velocity is defined as system-wide average speed of line-haul movement between terminals. To accommodate increased service demand and load on rail networks, increase in network velocity, without compromising safety, is required. Among many determinants of overall network velocity, a key driver is service interruption, including lowered operating speed due to track/train condition and delays caused by derailments. Railroads have put significant infrastructure and inspection programs in place to avoid service interruptions. One of the key measures is an extensive network of wayside mechanical condition detectors (temperature, strain, vision, infrared, weight, impact, etc.) that monitor the rolling-stock as it passes by. The detectors are designed to alert for conditions that either violate regulations set by governmental rail safety agencies or deteriorating rolling-stock conditions as determined by the railroad.Using huge volumes of historical detector data, in combination with failure data, maintenance action data, inspection schedule data, train type data and weather data, we are exploring several analytical approaches including, correlation analysis, causal analysis, time series analysis and machine learning techniques to automatically learn rules and build failure prediction models. These models will be applied against both historical and real-time data to predict conditions leading to failure in the future, thus avoiding service interruptions and increasing network velocity. Additionally, the analytics and models can also be used for detecting root cause of several failure modes and wear rate of components, which, while do not directly address network velocity, can be proactively used by maintenance organizations to optimize trade-offs related to maintenance schedule, costs and shop capacity. As part of our effort, we explore several avenues to machine learning techniques including distributed learning and hierarchical analytical approaches.     

Rail travel and the Leisure market in great Britain

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing and inducing leisure travel; to convey the sensitivity of rail travel receipts to the performance of the economy and more particularly family and personal disposable incomes; to examine the potential for further market research; and finally, to determine ways and means of attracting marginal revenue in the sustainable recreation/tourism sphere to a major public sector asset.

The paper focuses on leisure marketing by Britain's national railway corporation, British Rail (BR), and the relevant activities of its three passenger business sectors: Network SouthEast (NSE), which operates regional and local services in London and the South East (though not the London ‘tube’ system); Regional Railways, which operates regional and local services elsewhere in Great Britain; and InterCity, which operates the long distance express services.

The paper reviews BR's fares promotions of recent years and in particular draws on some examples taken from Regional Railways. This sector is now the only business of British Rail which in principle is subject to a significant public grant, to meet the obligation of a minimum level of service on social grounds. Of the other two passenger businesses, Network SouthEast receives a grant but the current intention is that it should operate on a breakeven basis from the 1992/93 financial year; InterCity runs on a purely commercial basis.     

多层次多制式轨道交通要点探究

伴随着我国城市轨道交通的快速发展,项目决策及建设过程中存在的一些问题也逐步显现,尤其在项目前期研究阶段,如何科学划分功能层次,合理把握制式选型,精准界定轻轨概念已成为长期困扰业内人士的热点问题。通过类比方法,对国内外轨道交通的发展经验及差异进行对比分析,总结构建多层次、多制式轨道交通体系的必要性和意义,探索地铁和轻轨的核心区别。研究结论表明:发展层次多元,制式合理的轨道交通体系是未来的发展趋势;在制式与层次的关系把握上,应坚持层次高于制式的原则;为了支撑城市空间结构优化,促进城市圈层的良性拓展,市域快轨应作为轨道交通未来发展的重点;以功能层次或导向体系作为划分标准,对现行的轨道交通分类标准提出相应的改进建议。     

Including passengers’ response to crowding in the Dutch national train passenger assignment model

Transit passengers’ response to crowded conditions has been studied empirically, yet is limitedly included in transport models currently used in the design of policy and infrastructure investments. This has consequences for the practical applicability of these models in studies on, for instance, timetabling, train capacity management strategies, project appraisal, and passenger satisfaction. Here we propose four methods to include the effect of crowding, based on existing studies on passengers’ perception and response as well as often-used crowding indicators. These four alternative methods are implemented in the train passenger assignment procedure of the Dutch national transport model, and evaluated with respect to their impacts on the model results for the Dutch railway network. The four methods relate to four different ways in which an additive trip penalty and/or time-multiplier can be incorporated in the train utility function for different travel purposes, to capture the disutility of crowding as measured by the load factor. The analyses of the test case favor the hybrid method using both a boarding penalty (capturing seat availability upon boarding) and a time-multiplier (capturing physical comfort and safety throughout the trip). This method produces consistent results, while the additional computational effort that it imposes is acceptable. Further empirical underpinning is needed to conclusively show which of these methods best captures passengers’ response behavior quantitatively (for different travel purposes and conditions).     

Extraboard team sizing: An analysis of short unscheduled absences among regular transit drivers

Several factors contribute to short-duration unscheduled absences of bus transit drivers. This article aims to understand these factors at the aggregate level and to anticipate future total absence that will need to be filled for a large-size transit operator. The aggregate level is defined as the total number of regular driver absences per garage, day of week and time period that need to be covered by the extraboards. This study analyzes absenteeism data obtained from OC Transpo, the transit provider of the city of Ottawa, Canada. A multilevel regression model is generated to investigate regular drivers’ absences. The short-unscheduled absence is estimated in relation to temporal factors, drivers’ personal characteristics, aspects of assigned work, and service delivery characteristics. Furthermore, using the model’s coefficients, sensitivity analyses are conducted to demonstrate the advantages of this technique over traditional ones adopted by various transit agencies. This study provides transit planners and policy makers with a practical methodology that can be used to support extraboard planning practice and help reduce the incidence of missed trips due to absences while having the appropriate size of extraboard drivers.     

Assessing social equity in distance based transit fares using a model of travel behavior

The goal of this study is to develop and apply a new method for assessing social equity impacts of distance-based public transit fares. Shifting to a distance-based fare structure can disproportionately favor or penalize different subgroups of a population based on variations in settlement patterns, travel needs, and most importantly, transit use. According to federal law, such disparities must be evaluated by the transit agency, but the area-based techniques identified by the Federal Transit Authority for assessing discrimination fail to account for disparities in distances travelled by transit users. This means that transit agencies currently lack guidelines for assessing the social equity impacts of replacing flat fare with distance-based fare structures. Our solution is to incorporate a joint ordinal/continuous model of trip generation and distance travelled into a GIS Decision Support System. The system enables a transit planner to visualize and compare distance travelled and transit-cost maps for different population profiles and fare structures. We apply the method to a case study in the Wasatch Front, Utah, where the Utah Transit Authority is exploring a switch to a distance-based fare structure. The analysis reveals that overall distance-based fares benefit low-income, elderly, and non-white populations. However, the effect is geographically uneven, and may be negative for members of these groups living on the urban fringe.     

京通线钢轨磨耗与防治措施

京通线西部曲线钢轨磨耗一直是困扰维修生产的难题，频繁地更换钢轨会增加维修成本，若磨耗钢轨不能及时更换又会给行车安全带来隐患。2002年京通西部线开始大修，对部分曲线采取了减磨措施。通过现场数据监测．减磨效果明显。。