Modeling the effects of vehicle emission taxes on residential location choices of different-income households

Taxing vehicle emissions has been advocated as an effective measure to solve the smog and haze problems in China. This paper investigates the effects of vehicle emission taxes on residential segregation in a model of a monocentric city with two income classes. The proposed model explicitly considers the interactions among three types of stakeholders, namely the authority, property developers and heterogeneous households in terms of income level. The properties of the proposed model are analytically explored and the optimal vehicle emission taxes that maximize the social welfare of the urban system are determined. The conditions under which either the rich or the poor lives in the urban central area while the other class in the suburb are identified. The findings show that (i) a high emission tax can drive the low-income households to migrate from suburbs to urban central areas, and the high-income households to migrate from urban central areas to suburbs; (ii) the implementation of the vehicle emission taxes can effectively reduce the air pollution cost and increase the total social welfare of the urban system; and (iii) the emission tax policy may incur inequity issue in terms of change in utility levels of different income classes before and after introducing the vehicle emission taxes.     

A comparative study on data segregation for mesoscopic energy modeling

On-road vehicles have been considered as one of the major contributors to energy consumption and air pollutant emissions. In order to quantify the corresponding environmental impacts, great efforts have been dedicated to the microscopic and macroscopic modeling for vehicle energy consumption and emissions. However, the mesoscopic modeling research that is focused on estimating trip-based energy consumption and is critical to some ITS applications (e.g., environmentally-friendly navigation), is relatively deficient. This study aims to investigate the effects of different data segregation methods on the mesoscopic modeling for vehicle energy consumption. A variety of novel methods, including the so-called conditional operating mode based method, have been proposed and evaluated using field data. Based on real-world data, statistical analyses have demonstrated the superior performance of enhanced models (i.e., conditional operating mode/VSP based models) in estimating vehicle energy consumption on a trip basis, compared to the other four models (velocity binning, time snipping, distance snipping and VSP based models) tested in this study.     

无损检测技术在沥青混合料离析评价中的应用

针对目前国内缺乏沥青混合料离析评价方法与评价指标的情况,在调研国内外资料基础上,对比分析各种不同评价方法,特别是无损检测方法,评定各种方法的适用性及优缺点,揭示了路面施工离析评价和控制方法的发展趋势。研究表明:使用激光断面仪和核子密度仪来评价混合料离析是较为快速有效的,而且对路面没有损坏;使用红外线温度记录仪可以有效控制现场施工温度离析,提高施工质量。     

环氧树脂与沥青相溶性的试验与研究

解决环氧树脂与沥青的相溶性问题是成功制备环氧沥青的关键技术之一，通过无固化剂环氧树脂与沥青混合液的离析试验确定了一种毒性小、相溶性好的相溶剂，采用电子扫描显微镜分析了相溶剂的增溶机理，并研究了相溶剂的掺量对环氧沥青拉伸强度和环氧沥青混凝土路用性能的影响。     

船舶载运集装箱危险货物的安全积载

集装箱危险货物在船上的积载隔离不当,将会直接导致船载危险货物事故的发生。文章通过对HJCF轮火灾事故的初步分析,来认识危险货物安全积载的重要性,进而阐述了船舶如何正确进行危险货物积载与隔离,以及与积载安全密切相关的一些问题,以引起有关方面的关注。     

Cr7Mo3V2Si钢表面改性复合强韧化工艺研究

研究了预渗氮和预渗碳对 Cr7Mo3V2Si 钢经强韧化处理后所得渗层的扫描断口形态、冲击韧性和硬度分布的影响.结果表明,Cr7Mo3V2Si 钢的含氮马氏体具有高碳马氏体形态和孪晶亚结构.渗层出现硬度峰值,表面硬度略低,表面硬度受控于残余奥氏体量,可通过冷处理而得到提高.建议对 Cr7Mo3V2Si 钢制冷作模具采用表面改性复合强韧化工艺,以提高使用寿命和改善其破坏形式.     

基于路面渗水系数试验的沥青路面综合离析评价方法

为寻找一种既能对级配离析又能对温度离析进行评价的离析评价方法,采用一种网格法将沥青路面分成正常区和加密区2个不同的区域,并对其渗水系数进行分析,提出一个以渗水系数作为离析评价指标的综合离析评价方法。依据2个不同区域测定的渗水系数,确定4类离析程度的判断标准。     

Evaluating household residential preferences for walkability and accessibility across three U.S. regions

Accessibility has been established as a major planning goal in recent years. However, little knowledge exists regarding how individuals value walkability, transit accessibility, and auto accessibility differently when deciding where to live. To fill this knowledge gap, this study conducts residential location choice modeling across three U.S. regions—Atlanta, Puget Sound, and Southeast Michigan. I find that, overall, all three types of accessibility are important determinants of residential location choice. Transit accessibility has a statistically significant positive influence on residential location choice across all three regions. On auto accessibility, results show that commute time by auto has the greatest influence on residential location choice among all independent variables, but auto accessibility to nonwork destinations appears to be inconsequential. Moreover, walkability is found to be a key determinant of residential location choice in the Puget Sound region but not the other two regions. I argue that these regional differences result from a lack of choice among Atlanta and Southeast Michigan residents, that is, a undersupply of walkable neighborhoods inhibits households in the two regions from living in such neighborhoods. This finding suggests the need for cities and regions to promote pedestrian-oriented development in order to broaden residential choice. The results further imply that, due to housing-supply constraints, households often have to live in a neighborhood with a level of accessibility lower than what they prefer. Transportation and land-use planners should address this “residential dissonance” when applying residential location choice models to predict land-use growth patterns.     

沥青混凝土路面混合料离析的成因与对策

沥青混合料离析是影响沥青路面质量及路面使用寿命的重要因素之一。高速公路沥青路面的早期损坏．如由水损害造成的网裂、坑洞、局部严重车辙、局部泛油、新铺沥青路面的构造深度不均等都与沥青混合料的离析有关。结合公路施工实践,分析沥青混合料离析的产生原因,提出了控制措施,以提高沥青路面施工质量。     

沥青路面机械摊铺施工的防离析要点

沥青路面是道路面层的主要结构形式,由于材料级配品种的多样性,使得面层铺筑时容易产生材料离析而造成道路面层强度的不均匀。解决这一问题就必须重视施工工艺和机械配置的合理性。