气垫船的回顾与展望

回顾了中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院（MARIC）40年来在气垫船、研究方面所取得的主要成就,分析了该类高性能船舶的市场需求,并提出了未来研究和发展的初步构想。     

Do observations adequately resolve the natural variability of oceanic turbulence?

Especially in high Reynolds number, naturally-occurring flows, turbulence is a highly variable process. It is challenging to measure yet it is vital that we do so in order to quantify the internal transports of mass, nutrients, energy and momentum. Isolated turbulence profiles are difficult to interpret; systematic sampling and subsequent averaging are necessary. Confidence in our ability to properly sample turbulence arises from intergroup comparisons, comparisons with other methods to assess mixing coefficients and, most fundamentally, the constraints imposed by the governing fluid dynamics on both energy losses via viscous dissipation caused by turbulence and on the mixing that results from turbulence. Several examples in which fluid processes have been isolated from the full range of oceanic motions are reviewed in this light. These examples show how observationally-derived estimates of turbulence dissipation or mixing are consistent with larger scale constraints. The larger oceanographic problem of defining the full geographic variability of mixing remains.     

汽车列车横向稳定性研究

汽车列车是牵引汽车与挂车相互作用、相互耦合的复杂系统,其横向稳定性研究涉及多体动力学、刚柔耦合力学、气体动力学、车辆非线性运动和电子控制等多个学科.本文论述了汽车列车横向稳定性的国内外研究现状、研究方法和试验手段,探讨了使用参数和结构参数对汽车列车横向稳定性的影响,分析了角阶跃输入下汽车列车侧向加速度响应.最后,对汽车列车动力学数字仿真算法及代表性软件进行了分析阐述.     

Review: State of teleactivities

The investigation of teleactivities and their impacts on travel behavior received much attention in the transportation literature. Toward further teleactivity research, this paper reviews previous research and analyzes the findings regarding the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in personal activity and travel patterns. This review of about 100 studies of teleactivities impacts maps reviewed studies according to whether the type of personal activity is mandatory, maintenance, or leisure, the nature of the research is conceptual or empirical and, if empirical, tabulates the ICT impact and the modeling approaches. Telecommuting, enabling mandatory personal activities, has been the most investigated teleactivity (by more than 50% of reviewed articles). Teleshopping and several other teleservices (e.g., telebanking), enabling maintenance personal activities, have received less attention in the literature. Teleleisure, enabling discretionary personal activities, has been the least studied. Of the four major direct impacts of ICT on travel, i.e., substitution, complementarity, modification, and neutrality, substitution has been the most prevalent impact for telecommuting, with complementarity most prevalent impact for teleshopping and teleleisure. More recent empirical have applied more advanced modeling approaches.     

低温对钢材及其构件性能影响研究综述

在寒冷地区建设焊接钢桥,需要解决材料和焊缝防低温脆断的标准问题。通过调研大量国内外有关数据,定性分析了低温对钢材主要力学指标和对疲劳性能的影响。研究表明低温将使材料屈服强度和极限强度提高,屈服强度提高速度大于极限强度;低温将降低材料韧性。至于对疲劳性能影响趋势,取决于钢材所在结构细节。在低温环境下,焊接钢桥可以通过合理控制工艺和技术指标,达到安全使用的目的。     

铁路柴油机润滑油的现状与发展

为满足环保要求,世界各国政府针对柴油机废气排放制定了一系列法规。这些法规的实施及市场经济性的要求,迫使柴油机必须采取相应的技术改变,因而对柴油机润滑油(以下简称"柴油机油")的研究提出新的技术挑战。随着柴油机油质量升级,国际上逐步提高了油品评定方法和指标的技术要求。因其自身的特殊要求,铁路柴油机油形成一个独立研究领域的趋势已愈加明显。中国铁路第三、第四代油研制成功后,已基本能够满足目前国内铁路运输要求,但亟待建立柴油机油试验评定方法,开展柴油机油作用机理的研究。     

秦岭隧道建造关键技术

秦岭隧道全长18 46km,是目前中国最长的山岭铁路隧道,有4km埋深超过1000m,80%处于极硬岩石地段。施工中,首次引进敞开式全断面挖掘机(TBM)。对适合隧道地质条件和TBM施工的施工方法、工艺参数、围岩分级标准、支护参数、圆形衬砌结构及仰拱预制块设计进行研究,TBM掘进最高速度达531m·月-1。解决平导洞钻爆法施工独头通风9000m的问题,创造钻爆法硬岩快速掘进456m·月-1的国内最高记录。采用弹性整体轨道技术,减少运营环境下隧道维修作业。隧道内一次铺设无缝线路,缩短了施工周期。     

Values of travel time in Europe: Review and meta-analysis

This paper reports the most extensive meta-analysis of values of time yet conducted, covering 3109 monetary valuations assembled from 389 European studies conducted between 1963 and 2011. It aims to explain how valuations vary across studies, including over time and between countries. In addition to the customary coverage of in-vehicle time in review studies, this paper covers valuations of walk time, wait time, service headway, parking space search time, departure time switching, time in congested traffic, schedule delay early and late, mean lateness and the standard deviation of travel time. Valuations are found to vary with type of time, GDP, distance, journey purpose, mode, the monetary numeraire and a number of factors related to estimation. Model output values of time compare favourably with earnings data, replicate well official recommended values obtained from major national studies, and are transferable across countries. These implied monetary values serve as very useful benchmarks against which new evidence can be assessed and the meta-model provides parameters and values for countries and contexts where there is no other such evidence.     

中国VTS的发展历程

本文回顾了中国ＶＴＳ的发展历程;对中国ＶＴＳ系统的类型、规模、功能、水平、机构和人员情况进行了全面评价;介绍了中国ＶＴＳ的作用和效益;阐述了今后的发展政策     

日本的特殊法人制度和铁路改革新动向

从日本的特殊法人制度角度探讨其铁路改革的发展变化。在日本的公益性法人分类中有一种特殊法人,是依据专门立法而设立的经济组织,其设立的目的在于有些经济活动不适于国家直接插手但也不合适直接交给私营企业去运营。日本铁道建设公团、运输施设整备事业团和日本国铁改革后形成的各JR公司等都属于特殊法人。特殊法人在日本战后经济复兴和实施各类经济社会政策方面发挥了很大作用,但也存在很多问题,因此日本目前正在对其特殊法人制度进行改革。三个位于日本本州的JR公司在形态上已经接近完全民营化,但其特殊的地位决定了它们在相当长时期内将仍旧是保留一定公共性并接受政府管制的特殊类型企业。