某平台机舱进排风口气流组织的CFD模拟

某自升式平台的机舱进、排风口位置比较接近,机舱排出的热气受大气风影响可能返回进风口,进而提高进风温度,成为一个设计隐患。文章应用CFD技术,通过模拟一定的大气环境条件下进排风口处的气流组织,找出最不利工况,并提出切实可行的改进建议。     

Identifying preferences for public transport investments under a constrained budget

As urban areas face increasing demands for new transport infrastructure to promote a sustainable future with an increasing reality of constrained government budgets, the debate on whether we should focus on rail or bus-based investments continues unabated in many jurisdictions. Associated with the debate is an emotional (or ideological) bias by communities in favour of one mode, especially rail, which carries much sway at the political level as if there is no budget constraint. This paper presents a stated choice experiment to investigate this context as two unlabelled options described by 20 potential drivers of community preferences for improved public transport, where each choice scenario is conditioned on an estimated construction cost and a total annual transport infrastructure budget for the relevant geographical jurisdiction. This is followed by a labelling of each alternative to reveal whether the option is bus rapid transit (BRT) or light rail (LRT) and to establish whether this additional information influences preference revision. Data is collected in all eight capital cities of Australia in mid 2014. Mixed logit models with heteroscedastic conditioning in terms of the cost of the project infrastructure and whether the alternative is labelled BRT or LRT, provide new evidence on the nature and extent of community modal bias in a budget-constrained choice setting. The conclusions are twofold. On the one hand, if a fully compensatory choice rule is assumed (as is common in all previous modal comparison studies), LRT is predominantly preferred over BRT despite budgetary constraints, similarities in quality of service attributes and the opportunity to choose a greater network coverage for a given construction cost. However, when we allow for attribute non-attendance (a semi-compensatory choice rule), the modal bias is no longer a significant driver of preferences.     

公共交通设施配套规模研究——以中山市公共交通设施配套标准为例

针对城市公共交通场站用地紧张和居民公交出行不便等问题,文中根据部分城市公共交通配套标准经验,并以土地利用和交通需求等相关理论为基础,构建建设项目公共交通设施配套规模的计算方法。方法根据建设项目的规模,推算项目需要的公共交通设施配套规模,最后以中山市城区的相关交通参数为例,代入模型进行计算,得出中山市公共交通设施配套标准。     

客运枢纽"人群迷路区"的快速识别与优化 ——以北京南站为例

为缓解大型客运枢纽因诱导服务不到位而产生的人流拥堵问题，采用室内WiFi 定位技术和Mysql获取行人交通流分布热力图，通过百度地图坐标拾取系统识别人流聚集区的具体位置。通过定义迷路人群的交通特征参数，提出“人群迷路区”概念；应用视频识别追踪技术，分析行人速度与加速度的方差，于人流密集区运用视频识别技术寻找“人群迷路区”。最后以北京南站为例进行实地调研，利用调研数据识别北京南站的“人群迷路区”。基于人群速度与加速度方差，“人群迷路区”被分为四类：单纯人流聚集区、因标识不足而产生的人群迷路区、因标识过于复杂而产生的人群迷路区、因商业设施或障碍物遮挡而产生的人群迷路区。同时提出加大商业活动监管力度、简化部分引导标识、增加其他交通方式换乘区域标识等优化方法，可使人群行进效率提高约25%。     

A valuation of the environmental performance of vehicles: an analysis and comparison of two methodologies

The European Clean Vehicle Directive was introduced in 2009 to create an obligation on public authorities to take into account the impact of energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and pollutant emissions into their purchasing decisions for road transport vehicles. This should stimulate the market for clean and energy-efficient vehicles and improve transport's impact on environment, climate change and energy use. Therefore the so-called ‘Operational Lifetime Cost’ of a vehicle is calculated, divided into the cost for energy consumption, CO₂ and pollutant (nitrous oxide, particulate matter, non-methane hydrocarbons) emissions. In Belgium, a different methodology has been developed to calculate the environmental impact of a vehicle, called ‘Ecoscore’, based on a well-to-wheel approach. More pollutants are included compared to the Clean Vehicle methodology, but also indirect emissions are taken into account. In this paper, both methodologies are compared and used to analyze the environmental performance of passenger cars with different fuel types and from different vehicle segments. Similar rankings between both methodologies are obtained; however, the large impact of energy use (and CO₂ emissions) in the Clean Vehicle methodology disadvantages compressed natural gas cars, as well as diesel cars equipped with particulate filters, compared to the Ecoscore methodology.     

点汇聚系统的航空器污染物减排效应与机理

为研究点汇聚系统的环境效益及减排机理，采用考虑气象条件修正后的航空器性能、燃油 流量及污染物计算模型，设计了理想条件下非高峰时刻与实际运行的高峰时刻两种场景，对比分 析了航空器在点汇聚系统与标准进场程序中污染物(即HC、CO、NOX、SOX和PM)的排放情况，并 从飞行时间、燃油消耗与排放指数3个方面分析了点汇聚系统的减排机理、识别了减排关键因素。 研究发现：在非高峰时刻，点汇聚系统与标准进场程序的污染物排放总量分别为5.79 kg与7.17 kg， 点汇聚系统较标准进场程序共减少约19.25%污染物排放，对NOX、SOX和PM减排效果显著；在高 峰时刻，点汇聚系统与标准进场程序的污染物排放总量分别为290.01 kg与406.69 kg，点汇聚系 统较标准进场程序共减少28.69%污染物排放，其中NOX减排比例最高可达48.32%。结果表明： 无论是非高峰时刻还是高峰时刻，点汇聚系统都具有良好的环境效益，可有效减少污染物的排放 总量，且对NOX减排效果最佳；较短的飞行时间、较低的燃油流量是点汇聚系统体现减排优势的 关键驱动因素。     

Planning for the unexpected: The value of reserve capacity for public transport network robustness

Public transport networks (PTN) are subject to recurring service disruptions. Most studies of the robustness of PTN have focused on network topology and considered vulnerability in terms of connectivity reliability. While these studies provide insights on general design principles, there is lack of knowledge concerning the effectiveness of different strategies to reduce the impacts of disruptions. This paper proposes and demonstrates a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of a strategic increase in capacity on alternative PTN links to mitigate the impact of unexpected network disruptions. The evaluation approach consists of two stages: identifying a set of important links and then for each identified important link, a set of capacity enhancement schemes is evaluated. The proposed method integrates stochastic supply and demand models, dynamic route choice and limited operational capacity. This dynamic agent-based modelling of network performance enables to capture cascading network effects as well as the adaptive redistribution of passenger flows. An application for the rapid PTN of Stockholm, Sweden, demonstrates how the proposed method could be applied to sequentially designed scenarios based on their performance indicators. The method presented in this paper could support policy makers and operators in prioritizing measures to increase network robustness by improving system capacity to absorb unexpected disruptions.     

密闭空间空气净化用滤材检测设备设计研究

随着机动车辆的普及,人们呆在密闭空间即驾乘室以及室内的时间会逐渐拉长,如何有效的控制密闭空间的PM2.5浓度值值得我们去探讨和研究。通过对密闭空间空气净化原理的分析,采用激光粒子计数方法,设计了密闭空间空气净化检验流程及相配套的检测设备,将密闭空间(含室内及驾乘室)大气中的PM2.5含量控制在标准要求的浓度值以内。     

Flow-based accessibility measurement: The Place Rank approach

In this paper, we empirically test the viability of a flow-based approach as an alternative to transport accessibility measurement. To track where commuters travel from and to (but not commute times), we use transactional smartcard data from residents in Singapore to construct the (daily) spatial network of trips generated. We use the Place Rank method to demonstrate the viability of the flow-based approach to study accessibility. We compute the Place Rank of each of 44 planning areas in Singapore. Interestingly, even though the spatial network is constructed using only origin–destination information, we find that the travel time of the trips out of each planning area generally decreases as the area’s Place Rank increases. The same is also the case for in-vehicle time, number of transfers in the network and transfer time. This shows that a flow-based approach can be used to measure the notion of accessibility, which is traditionally assessed using travel time information in the system. We also compare Place Rank with other indicators, namely, bus stop density, eigenvector centrality, clustering coefficient and typographical coefficient to evaluate an area’s accessibility. The results show that these indicators are not as effective as the Place Rank method.     

需求响应的集装箱班列时刻表优化及 Benders分解算法

充分考虑集装箱货物与集装箱班列在时间和数量方面的匹配关系，以集装箱货物送达目的站的总延误最小为目标，构建集装箱班列时刻表优化的线性混合整数规划模型.采 用Benders分解算法将原问题分解为确定集装箱货物与班列匹配方案的主问题，以及优化班列时刻表的子问题，通过求解子问题的对偶模型不断产生主问题的割平面.为克服割平面有效性较低的缺点，设计改进策略，使每次迭代产生多个割平面同时添加至主问题中.最后，通过算例验证模型和算法的有效性.结果表明：改进策略的运用有效提高了算法的计算效率，利用模型及算法得到的班列时刻表与集装箱货物的数量、时间分布之间具有较好的匹配性，制定的班列时刻表很好地响应了用户需求.