拥挤定价理论发展及对我国城市交通管理的启示

拥挤定价作为城市交通需求管理的重要组成部分,是交通经济学的核心内容之一。本文综述了拥挤定价理论的发展历程和最新进展,提出了该领域的研究方向,分析了拥挤定价理论在实践中的应用效果,给出了我国推行该政策的建议,拥挤定价的实践表明该政策在控制交通流方面效果显著,该政策是否具有可操作性取决于公众的态度,这将是我国大中城市推行该政策的基本出发点和难点。     

城市道路拥挤收费福利影响研究

城市道路拥挤收费虽然使总的社会福利增加,但对不同时间价值出行者的福利影响却不尽相同。以福利经济学为理论基础,以出行的货币成本和时间成本为影响因素,量化分析收费后不同出行者的福利得失。研究发现,在确定拥挤方案后如果能得到交通量的变化量,就可以得到不同选择方案出行者的福利得失。时间价值较低的出行者只有选择公共交通时才能从拥挤收费中受益,而时间价值较高的出行者,选择付费出行使他们获益最大。     

Carbon dioxide emissions from port container distribution: Spatial characteristics and driving factors

Port carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in China have become an ever-increasing public concern due to their significant impacts on human health and the environment. However, existing studies focus mainly on CO₂ emissions from vessels calling at the ports and cargo handling within the ports, paying little attention to the inland distribution networks. To fill this gap, this paper proposes an easily implemented method for calculating CO₂ emissions from port container distribution (PCD) and investigates their spatial characteristics and driving factors. By analyzing 30 container ports in China, the main findings are as follows. First, road transportation is the major contributor of CO₂ emissions from PCD due to the lack of rail and inland water transportation. Second, PCD carbon emissions exhibit significant local spatial clustering. That is, ports with similar geographical locations tend to present a similar pattern of PCD carbon emissions. Third, as suggested by the spatial Durbin model, PCD carbon emissions are negatively determined by local gross domestic product, number of port berths, but are positively determined by local tertiary industry value and highway freight volume, and waterway freight volume in both local and neighboring ports. These results provide empirical insights into cross-port collaboration in reducing PCD carbon emissions.     

Distance-dependent congestion pricing for downtown zones

A growing literature exploits macroscopic theories of traffic to model congestion pricing policies in downtown zones. This study introduces trip length heterogeneity into this analysis and proposes a usage-based, time-varying congestion toll that alleviates congestion while prioritizing shorter trips. Unlike conventional trip-based tolls the scheme is intended to align the fees paid by drivers with the actual congestion damage they do, and to increase the toll’s benefits as a result.The scheme is intended to maximize the number of people that finish their trips close to their desired times. The usage-based toll is compared to a traditional, trip-based toll which neglects trip length. It is found that, like trip-based tolls, properly designed usage-based tolls alleviate congestion. But they reduce schedule delay more than trip-based tolls and do so with much smaller user fees. As a result usage-based tolls leave most of those who pay with a large welfare gain. This may increase the tolls’ political acceptability.     

Robust optimization of distance-based tolls in a network considering stochastic day to day dynamics

This paper investigates the nonlinear distance-based congestion pricing in a network considering stochastic day-to-day dynamics. After an implementation/adjustment of a congestion pricing scheme, the network flows in a certain period of days are not on an equilibrium state, thus it is problematic to take the equilibrium-based indexes as the pricing objective. Therefore, the concept of robust optimization is taken for the congestion toll determination problem, which takes into account the network performance of each day. First, a minimax model which minimizes the maximum regret on each day is proposed. Taking as a constraint of the minimax model, a path-based day to day dynamics model under stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) constraints is discussed in this paper. It is difficult to solve this minimax model by exact algorithms because of the implicity of the flow map function. Hence, a two-phase artificial bee colony algorithm is developed to solve the proposed minimax regret model, of which the first phase solves the minimal expected total travel cost for each day and the second phase handles the minimax robust optimization problem. Finally, a numerical example is conducted to validate the proposed models and methods.     

Measuring risk aversion to guide transportation policy: Contexts,incentives, and respondents

Road pricing may provide a solution to increasing traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. Route, departure time and travel mode choices depend on risk attitudes as commuters perceive the options as having uncertain effects on travel times. We propose that Experimental Economics methods can deliver data that uses real consequences and where the context can be varied by the researcher. The approach relies on the controlled manipulation of contexts, similar to what is done in the Stated Choice approach, but builds in actual consequences, similar to the Revealed Preference approach. This paper investigates some of the trade-offs between the cost of conducting Experimental Economics studies and the behavioral responses elicited. In particular, we compare responses to traditional lottery choice tasks to the route choice tasks in simulated driving environments. We also compare students (a low cost convenient participant pool) to field participants recruited from the driving population. While we see initial differences across our treatment groups, we find that their risk taking behavior converge with minimal repetition.     

航运电子市场精确定价

根据航运市场中影响定价的主要因素，提出了精确定价是在当今信息网络化和经济全球化的浪潮下，承运人最合适的定价形态，分析了精确定价及其条件．指出了在航运电子市场巾，承运人应从托运人的偏好、差异化的航运服务、单独付帐和避免托运人套利等4个方而对航运交易加以控制，从理论和实例2方面阐述了采用价格差异(精确定价)策略对承运人所带来的收益，在得出航运企业利润最大化条件的基础上，提出了承运人制定精确定价的5个步骤。从而为我国航运企业制订信息化及电子商务发展战略提供有益的参考。     

一种基于价格和效用的帧聚合策略

MAC层帧聚合是改善无线网络信道利用率、提高频谱效率的有效方法之一。将定价策略和排队论模型引入到IEEE 802.11系列MAC协议的帧聚合策略中,以平均时延作为主要QoS(Quality of Service)指标,在满足业务流最大时延约束基础上,从用户效用和网络效用两个方面研究价格及网络效用的优化问题。此外,还分析了包平均到达率与平均时延的关系。仿真结果表明:所提出的基于定价和效用的帧聚合策略是有效的,可以提高系统平均吞吐量,减少端到端平均时延。     

公司制改革后我国铁路货运发展策略研究

以铁路公司制改革和货运市场化改革为背景,分析我国铁路货运发展的趋势和存在的问题。通过梳理美国铁路发展历程,重点分析政府管制对于铁路经营状况的影响和作用,指出美国铁路货运的发展,特别是放松价格管制对推动货运业竞争力增强、服务质量改进、运输效率提升所带来的积极作用,对于我国铁路货运市场化改革具有良好的借鉴和启示作用。借鉴美国铁路发展的经验,结合我国货运市场现状,指出货运改革存在的难点,从运价机制、市场定位、产品营销等方面提出发展策略建议。     

基于收益管理的高铁动态定价方法

以高速铁路市场化定价为背景,提出高速铁路动态定价模型。根据列车停站方案的差异,以列车旅行时间进行列车分级;通过分析高铁沿线各点对之间的历史客流出行信息,从旅客出行的价格敏感性和时间敏感性角度出发对旅客进行分类,并根据历史售票数据得出不同类型旅客所占比例;在此基础上,以客票总收益最大化为目标,考虑票价上下限、列车能力和票价不到倒等约束,建立基于收益管理的高速铁路动态票价优化模型,并根据模型特征设计启发式求解方法。最后以京沪高铁为例,利用所提出的方法进行优化计算和分析,证明在不增加运力的前提下,考虑收益管理的高铁动态定价方法,可以有效提高客票收益。