Compliance with MARPOL Annex VI regulation 14 by ships in the Gulf of Guinea sub-region: Issues,challenges and opportunities

The negative environmental and health impacts association with high sulphur dioxide emissions from shipboard machineries have been raised by various stakeholders within the marine transportation sector. It is against this backdrop that the International Maritime Organisation under the MARPOL Annex VI regulation 14 has capped sulphur emission to 0.1% for Sulphur Emission Control Areas and 0.5% for the other shipping nations. However, ship owners in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG) sub-region are facing multitudes of challenges in meeting up with this new IMO regulation. This paper aims to identify the main barriers hampering effective compliance to this new regulation by ships operating in the GoG, rank the barriers, and then discuss the possible opportunities that may arise as a result of addressing the challenges. To identify the main barriers, experts with several years of experience in the maritime industry from Ghana and Cameroun were used while multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was employed to rank the barriers. Other methods such as fuzzy AHP (FAHP), rank-order centroid (ROC) and TOPSIS were combined to validate the result of the study. The findings indicate that lack of infrastructure, lack of comprehensive marine air pollution laws and high capital and operational costs of sulphur reduction solutions emerged as the top three ranked barriers. The findings of this study can be useful to ship owners and policy makers in dealing with the issues of marine air pollution.     

半刚性沥青路面面层抗车辙设计探讨

结合对部分高速公路车辙调查结果,发现中面层处于剪应力峰值区域,中面层的车辙变形对沥青路面车辙变形的影响最大,有必要采用基于抗车辙性能的试验方法进行中面层混合料的设计。比较目前常用的3种混合料设计方法,推荐SGC混合料设计方法。     

温拌沥青混合料配合比设计及与热拌沥青混合料的性能对比研究

文章根据温拌沥青混合料（WMA）在河南省郑州至石人山高速公路具茨山隧道上的应用,介绍其配合比设计过程,并根据配合比设计和路用性能测试,与相同类型的热拌沥青混合料（HMA）的路用性能进行了对比,结果表明WMA和HMA的路用性能基本相同,且能满足热拌沥青混合料的规范要求。     

添加剂剂量对改善沥青紫外线老化作用的影响分析

利用室内紫外线加速老化系统,在确定紫外线对沥青薄膜的老化作用后,采用不同种类的紫外线吸收剂对沥青的抗紫外老化性能进行改善。室内试验结果表明,同一种添加剂在不同剂量时对沥青性能的改善程度各不相同,且某些添加剂在合适剂量时对沥青抗紫外线老化性能有着显著的改善效果。     

温拌SBS沥青混合料旋转压实特性

采用旋转压实仪(SGC) 成型温拌SBS沥青混合料试件, 根据体积参数的变化规律确定了最佳拌合温度, 根据旋转压实曲线对温拌沥青混合料和热拌沥青混合料的压实特性进行了对比分析。分析结果表明: 与热拌沥青混合料相比, 用旋转压实法确定温拌沥青混合料成型温度降低约20℃, 动稳定度提高30%, 低温抗裂和抗水损害能力相差不大。在压实初期, 热拌沥青混合料SGC压实曲线的斜率为2.53, 密实能量指数为0.246, 温拌沥青混合料SGC压实曲线的斜率为3.14, 密实能量指数为0.156, 表明温拌沥青混合料具有更好的施工和易性; 在压实后期, 热拌沥青混合料SGC压实曲线的斜率为0.019 5, 密实能量指数为1.95和1.65, 温拌沥青混合料SGC压实曲线的斜率为0.015 2, 密实能量指数为2.61和2.00, 表明开放交通后温拌沥青混合料具有更好的抵抗荷载压密的能力。     

The desulphurisation of shipping: Past,present and the future under a global cap

As from January 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is implementing a global 0.5% limit on the sulphur content of fuel, commonly known as the global sulphur cap. This limit is the latest policy in the efforts to reduce sulphur emissions from shipping, following the designation of emission control areas (ECAs) and other regional regulations. In this paper, a literature review is conducted of academic studies that have dealt with issues relating to the reduction of maritime sulphur emissions. Various recurring research themes are identified, spanning the areas of operations research, maritime economics and transport policy. The effects and implications of available compliance options are then analyzed from the perspectives of ship operators, shippers and consumers. Using lessons learned from the enforcement of ECA regulations, this is followed by an appraisal of various potential issues related to the enforcement of these new global regulations. It is found that a homogeneous enforcement regime is required to ensure a level playing field amongst ship operators and that the global sulphur cap may lead to serious market distortion, due to the potential short term rise of fuel prices. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research on sulphur emissions from shipping in the aftermath of the global cap and, looking forward, to its relationship to the IMO strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) shipping emissions.     

含碎石化层的沥青加铺路面结构分析

利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了含碎石化层的沥青加铺路面结构模型,研究土基、旧路基层与碎石化层模量以及碎石化层和加铺层厚度对含碎石化层沥青加铺层路面结构的力学响应的影响,确定碎石化模量的控制范围.结果表明,荷载作用中心点及附近一定区域,沥青加铺层层底受拉;沥青加铺层层底拉应力对土基模量、旧路基层模量、碎石化层厚度不敏感,但当碎石化层模量较小(接近300MPa)或加铺层厚(大于20cm)时层底拉应力均较大,在重载作用下更大.因此碎石化道路必须验算沥青层层底拉应力指标.为使沥青层层底拉应力峰值不至于过大甚至超过容许拉应力,使得受拉区域控制在一定范围以内,同时为降低加铺层竖向剪应力及土基顶面压应变,并达到防治反射裂缝的效果,碎石化层的模量宜控制在500～1000MPa.     

高速公路沥青路面施工质量控制分析

无接缝、平整、行车舒适、噪音低以及振动小、易于养护等优点,使沥青混凝土路面成为我国国内公路面层普遍采用的一种比较好的结构形式。但是如果施工中不能按照施工工艺严格的进行施工质量控制,则很容易导致路面的一系列质量问题,这不仅影响使用功能,还影响影响其社会效益。     

冷铺沥青材料的特性与配制技术

用冷铺沥青混合料修补路面坑洞,具有方便、快捷等优点.为保证其疏松性和压实性,在配制方法上,如所用沥青的粘度、沥青的用量、添加剂以及集料级配等,与热拌沥青混合料都有很大区别.实践表明,所研制开发的冷铺材料使用性能良好,而成本却比同类进口材料大大降低.     

浅谈SEAM沥青混合料的施工工艺

介绍SEAM粒料的掺配方法、掺配比例的确定和SEAM沥青混合料的施工工艺。