西安市客运交通结构调查与分析

城市客运交通结构调查与研究是合理规划交通出行方式、提高城市交通效率和制定交通政策的重要环节。首先采用发放调查问卷的形式进行出行调查,通过数据处理与分析得出西安市出行方式结构比例,与2000年居民出行调查结果进行对比,分析了交通结构比例的变化和影响变化的因素。根据客运交通结构的实际,结合西安的城市建设、交通现状及道路条件,提出以TOD模式为主导,以轨道交通为骨干,积极发展自行车交通的建议,合理分布客运交通结构。尤其是通过设立公共自行车以及自行车与公共交通设施的衔接,充分发挥自行车交通的功能,带动整个城市交通的良性发展。     

深圳市综合交通信息平台系统分析与设计

简述国外先进的交通信息系统的发展现状,在分析深圳市智能交通系统间的信息交互需求、共用信息平台功能需求、性能需求的基础上,根据深圳市现有智能交通系统的建设和运营现状,对深圳市综合交通信息平台系统框架结构、功能模块分别进行设计。     

Speed limits,speed selection and network equilibrium

This paper investigates the local and global impact of speed limits by considering road users’ non-obedient behavior in speed selection. Given a link-specific speed limit scheme, road users will take into account the subjective travel time cost, the perceived crash risk and the perceived ticket risk as determinant factors for their actual speed choice on each link. Homogeneous travelers’ perceived crash risk is positively related to their driving speed. When travelers are heterogeneous, the perceived crash risk is class-specific: different user classes interact with each other and choose their own optimal speed, resulting in a Nash equilibrium speed pattern. With the speed choices on particular roads, travelers make route choices, resulting in user equilibrium in a general network. An algorithm is proposed to solve the user equilibrium problem with heterogeneous users under link-specific speed limits. The models and algorithms are illustrated with numerical examples.     

Modeling origin-destination uncertainty using network sensor and survey data and new approaches to robust control

This study develops new methods for network assessment and control by taking explicit account of demand variability and uncertainty using partial sensor and survey data while imposing equilibrium conditions during the data collection phase. The methods consist of rules for generating possible origin–destination (OD) matrices and the calculation of average and quantile network costs. The assessment methodology leads to improved decision-making in transport planning and operations and is used to develop management and control strategies that result in more robust network performance. Specific contributions in this work consist of: (a) Characterization of OD demand variability, specifically with or without equilibrium assumptions during data collection; (b) exhibiting the highly disconnected nature of OD space demonstrating that many current approaches to the problem of optimal control may be computationally intractable; (c) development of feasible Monte Carlo procedures for the generation of possible OD matrices used in an assessment of network performance; and (d) calculation of robust network controls, with state-of-the-art cost estimation, for the following strategies: Bayes, p-quantile and NBNQ (near-Bayes near-Quantile). All strategies involve the simultaneous calculation of controls and equilibrium conditions. A numerical example for a moderate sized network is presented where it is shown that robust controls can provide approx. 20% cost reduction.     

Forecasting road traffic conditions using a context-based random forest algorithm

With the ability to accurately forecast road traffic conditions several hours, days and even months ahead of time, both travellers and network managers can take pro-active measures to minimise congestion, saving time, money and emissions. This study evaluates a previously developed random forest algorithm, RoadCast, which was designed to achieve this task. RoadCast incorporates contexts using machine learning to forecast more accurately contexts such as public holidays, sporting events and school term dates. This paper evaluates the potential of RoadCast as a traffic forecasting algorithm for use in Intelligent Transport System applications. Tests are undertaken using a number of different forecast horizons and varying amounts of training data, and an implementation procedure is recommended.     

Experimental validation of connected automated vehicle design among human-driven vehicles

In this paper, we present results regarding the experimental validation of connected automated vehicle design. In order for a connected automated vehicle to integrate well with human-dominated traffic, we propose a class of connected cruise control algorithms with feedback structure originated from human driving behavior. We test the connected cruise controllers using real vehicles under several driving scenarios while utilizing beyond-line-of-sight motion information obtained from neighboring human-driven vehicles via vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. We experimentally show that the design is robust against variations in human behavior as well as changes in the topology of the communication network. We demonstrate that both safety and energy efficiency can be significantly improved for the connected automated vehicle as well as for the neighboring human-driven vehicles and that the connected automated vehicle may bring additional societal benefits by mitigating traffic waves.     

Review of optimal sensor location models for travel time estimation

The problem of optimally locating fixed sensors on a traffic network infrastructure has been object of growing interest in the past few years. Sensor location decisions models differ from each other according to the type of sensors that are to be located and the objective that one would like to optimize. This paper surveys the existing contributions in the literature related to the problem of locating fixed sensors on the network to estimate travel times. The review consists of two parts: the first part reviews the methodological approaches for the optimal location of counting sensors on a freeway for travel time estimation; the second part focuses on the results related to the optimal location of Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) readers on the links of a network to get travel time information.     

Optimal speed advisory for connected vehicles in arterial roads and the impact on mixed traffic

Connected Vehicles (CV) equipped with a Speed Advisory System (SAS) can obtain and utilize upcoming traffic signal information to manage their speed in advance, lower fuel consumption, and improve ride comfort by reducing idling at red lights. In this paper, a SAS for pre-timed traffic signals is proposed and the fuel minimal driving strategy is obtained as an analytical solution to a fuel consumption minimization problem. We show that the minimal fuel driving strategy may go against intuition of some people; in that it alternates between periods of maximum acceleration, engine shut down, and sometimes constant speed, known in optimal control as bang-singular-bang control. After presenting this analytical solution to the fuel minimization problem, we employ a sub-optimal solution such that drivability is not sacrificed and show fuel economy still improves significantly. Moreover this paper evaluates the influence of vehicles with SAS on the entire arterial traffic in micro-simulations. The results show that SAS-equipped vehicles not only improve their own fuel economy, but also benefit other conventional vehicles and the fleet fuel consumption decreases with the increment of percentage of SAS-equipped vehicles. We show that this improvement in fuel economy is achieved with a little compromise in average traffic flow and travel time.     

Uncertainty in traffic forecasts: literature review and new results for The Netherlands

This paper provides a review of transport model applications that not only provide a central traffic forecast (or forecasts for a few scenarios), but also quantify the uncertainty in the traffic forecasts in the form of a confidence interval or related measures. Both uncertainty that results from using uncertain inputs (e.g. on income) and uncertainty in the model itself are treated. The paper goes on to describe the methods used and the results obtained for a case study in quantifying uncertainty in traffic forecasts in The Netherlands.

A new approach to evaluating on-road public transport priority projects: balancing the demand for limited road-space

Despite widespread growth in on-road public transport priority schemes, road management authorities have few tools to evaluate the impacts of these schemes on all road users. This paper describes a methodology developed in Melbourne, Australia to assist the road management authority, VicRoads, evaluate trade-offs in the use of its limited road-space for new bus and tram priority projects. The approach employs traffic micro-simulation modelling to assess road-space re-allocation impacts, travel behaviour modelling to assess changes in travel patterns and a social cost benefit framework to evaluate impacts. The evaluation considers a comprehensive range of impacts including the environmental benefits of improved public transport services. Impacts on public transport reliability improvements are also considered. Although improved bus and tram reliability is a major rationale for traffic priority its use in previous evaluations is rare. The paper critiques previous approaches, describes the proposed method and explores some of the results found in its application. A major finding is that despite a more comprehensive approach to measuring the benefits of bus and tram priority, road-space reallocation is difficult to economically justify in road networks where public transport usage is low and car usage high. Strategies involving the balanced deployment of bus and tram priority measures where the allocation of time and space to PT minimises negative traffic impacts is shown to improve the overall management of road-space. A discussion of the approach is also provided including suggestions for further methodology development.