Optimization of Wiedemann and Fritzsche car-following models for emission estimation

Recent studies have provided that the vehicle trajectories generated by car-following models may not represent the real driving characteristics, thus leading to significant emission estimation errors. In this paper, two of the most widely used car-following models, Wiedemann and Fritzsche models, were selected and analyzed based on the massive field car-following trajectories in Beijing. A numerical simulation method was designed to generate the following car’s trajectories by using the field trajectories as the input. By comparing the simulated and the filed data, the representativeness of the simulated regime fractions and VSP distributions were evaluated. Then, the mechanism of car-following models was investigated from the aspects of regime determination and the acceleration rule in each regime. Further, the regime threshold parameters and acceleration model were optimized for emission estimations. This study found that the “Following” regime threshold of SDX and the maximum acceleration in “Free Driving” regime are critical parameters for Wiedemann model. The differences between the Wiedemann simulated VSP distribution and the field one can be reduced separately by applying the optimized SDX and maximum acceleration model individually. However, a much sharper reduction was observed by optimizing both parameters simultaneously, and the emission estimation errors were further reduced, which were less than 4% in the case studies. Fritzsche model generated more realistic VSP distributions and emissions, while the maximum accelerations could be further optimized for high speed conditions.     

无砟轨道线路临时架空装置现场应用与测试

无砟轨道线路临时架空技术是在轨道病害修复过程中保障列车正常运行的关键。本文结合一高速铁路车站无砟轨道沉降整治工程,研发了适用于无砟轨道线路的临时架空装置。该装置以钢垫梁作为架空主体,可采用1片钢垫梁替换1块轨道板架设临时线路,也可采用多片钢垫梁替换连续多块轨道板,构成多跨连续的架空结构。架空装置施工便捷,稳定性好,安全可靠。现场应用测试结果表明,列车通过临时线路时的脱轨系数、减载率、轮轴横向力以及钢垫梁的跨中竖向、横向挠度等指标均小于相应限值。该装置所架设的临时线路能够满足高速铁路列车以速度45 km/h通行的要求。     

高速旋回潜体对差动舵角运动响应研究

分离式舵不同操舵方式可产生差动舵角,目前,针对差动舵角对高速机动潜体的旋回运动特性研究尚未完全展开。为此,本文以分离式舵6DOF运动方程为基础,研究差动舵角对高速旋回潜体运动姿态、特别是横倾的控制能力,比较不同差动舵角对潜体定深、变深运动姿态的影响。研究结果表明,差动舵角对于潜体高速旋回时的运动姿态、特别是横倾有较强的控制、抑制能力。     

中低速磁浮在旅游交通领域适应性研究

中低速磁浮作为一种新型轨道交通,其技术特点能否适应旅游景区发展需要综合分析评判。通过对景区发展需求进行归纳总结,对比分析中低速磁浮交通与传统轮轨交通技术特点,结合凤凰磁浮文化旅游项目研究中低速磁浮交通在景区交通中的适应性。研究表明,(1)景区交通发展需解决景区可达性,促进景区经济发展,优化景区交通线网,保护景区生态环境。(2)中低速磁浮具有安全可靠、绿色环保、线路适应性优、投资成本低等特点。(3)中低速磁浮在景区交通应用中应与景区发展相适应、与交通规划相适应、与客流水平相适应、与建设条件相适应、与经济效益相适应。(4)在凤凰古城的应用中,磁浮交通促进客流初期增长70.69%,改变71.6%的游客和71.4%的居民出行方式,相较出租车旅途时间缩短66.67%。     

Dynamics of heterogeneity in urban networks: aggregated traffic modeling and hierarchical control

Real traffic data and simulation analysis reveal that for some urban networks a well-defined Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) exists, which provides a unimodal and low-scatter relationship between the network vehicle density and outflow. Recent studies demonstrate that link density heterogeneity plays a significant role in the shape and scatter level of MFD and can cause hysteresis loops that influence the network performance. Evidently, a more homogeneous network in terms of link density can result in higher network outflow, which implies a network performance improvement. In this article, we introduce two aggregated models, region- and subregion-based MFDs, to study the dynamics of heterogeneity and how they can affect the accuracy scatter and hysteresis of a multi-subregion MFD model. We also introduce a hierarchical perimeter flow control problem by integrating the MFD heterogeneous modeling. The perimeter flow controllers operate on the border between urban regions, and manipulate the percentages of flows that transfer between the regions such that the network delay is minimized and the distribution of congestion is more homogeneous. The first level of the hierarchical control problem can be solved by a model predictive control approach, where the prediction model is the aggregated parsimonious region-based MFD and the plant (reality) is formulated by the subregion-based MFDs, which is a more detailed model. At the lower level, a feedback controller of the hierarchical structure, tries to maximize the outflow of critical regions, by increasing their homogeneity. With inputs that can be observed with existing monitoring techniques and without the need for detailed traffic state information, the proposed framework succeeds to increase network flows and decrease the hysteresis loop of the MFD. Comparison with existing perimeter controllers without considering the more advanced heterogeneity modeling of MFD highlights the importance of such approach for traffic modeling and control.     

Probe vehicle-based traffic state estimation method with spacing information and conservation law

This paper proposes a method of estimating a traffic state based on probe vehicle data that contain spacing and position of probe vehicles. The probe vehicles were assumed to observe spacing by utilizing an advanced driver assistance system, that has been implemented in practice and is expected to spread in the near future. The proposed method relies on the conservation law of the traffic flow but is independent of a fundamental diagram. The conservation law is utilized for reasonable aggregation of the spacing data to acquire the traffic state, i.e., a flow, density and speed. Its independence from a fundamental diagram means that the proposed method does not require predetermined nor exogenous assumptions with regard to the traffic flow model parameters. The proposed method was validated through a simulation experiment under ideal conditions and a field experiment conducted under actual traffic conditions; and empirical characteristics of the proposed method were investigated.     

基于指定到达追踪间隔的高铁车站接车进路长度研究

确定合理的高铁车站接车进路长度对压缩到达追踪间隔时间有重要意义。本文首先通过构建满足到达追踪间隔时间的高铁车站接车进路长度计算模型,提出了接车进路长度的主要影响因素为由线路限制速度、站前坡坡度、制动力使用系数三因素(简称三因素)所确定的车载设备监控制动距离内列车运行时间。然后,通过对常见的线路限制速度、站前坡坡度、制动力使用系数取值下的车载设备监控制动距离内列车运行时间进行牵引计算仿真,并运用三因素方差分析法分析了三因素的影响显著度,得到了线路限制速度、站前坡坡度对高铁车站接车进路长度影响显著的结论。最后,基于高铁车站接车进路长度计算模型,得到了一组指定到达追踪间隔下的高铁车站接车进路长度表,为高铁车站设计提供思路。     

Going fast or going green? Evidence from environmental speed limits in Norway

This paper studies the impact of speed limits on local air pollution using a series of date-specific speed limit reductions in Oslo over the 2004–2011 period. We find that lowering the speed limit from 80 to 60 km/h reduces travel speed by 5.8 km/h. However, we find no evidence of reduced air pollution as measured next to the treated roads. Our estimates suggest an annual time loss of the speed limit reductions of 66 USD per affected vehicle. Our findings imply that policy makers need to consider other actions than speed limit reductions to improve local air quality.     

交通运输综合执法提升水运企业监管效能的思考

文章以南通市交通综合行政执法为例,通过分析原执法模式存在的不足和问题,解析综合执法的意义,并对如何提升综合执法效能进行探讨。