Deriving macroscopic fundamental diagrams from probe data: Issues and proposed solutions

Well-defined relationships between flow and density averaged spatially across urban traffic networks, more commonly known as Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams (MFDs), have been recently verified to exist in reality. Researchers have proposed using MFDs to monitor the status of urban traffic networks and to inform the design of network-wide traffic control strategies. However, it is also well known that empirical MFDs are not easy to estimate in practice due to difficulties in obtaining the requisite data needed to construct them. Recent works have devised ways to estimate a network’s MFD using limited trajectory data that can be obtained from GPS-equipped mobile probe vehicles. These methods assume that the market penetration level of mobile probe vehicles is uniform across the entire set of OD pairs in the network; however, in reality the probe vehicle market penetration rate varies regionally within a network. When this variation is combined with the imbalance of probe trip lengths and travel times, the compound effects will further complicate the estimation of the MFD.To overcome this deficit, we propose a method to estimate a network’s MFD using mobile probe data when the market penetration rates are not necessarily the same across an entire network. This method relies on the determination of appropriate average probe penetration rates, which are weighted harmonic means using individual probe vehicle travel times and distances as the weights. The accuracy of this method is tested using synthetic data generated in the INTEGRATION micro-simulation environment by comparing the estimated MFDs to the ground truth MFD obtained using a 100% market penetration of probe vehicles. The results show that the weighted harmonic mean probe penetration rates outperform simple (arithmetic) average probe penetration rates, as expected. This especially holds true as the imbalance of demand and penetration level increases. Furthermore, as the probe penetration rates are generally not known, an algorithm to estimate the probe penetration rates of regional OD pairs is proposed. This algorithm links count data from sporadic fixed detectors in the network to information from probe vehicles that pass the detectors. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is very effective. Since the data needed to apply this algorithm are readily available and easy to collect, the proposed algorithm is practically feasible and offers a better approach for the estimation of the MFD using mobile probe data, which are becoming increasingly available in urban environments.     

Using high-resolution event-based data for traffic modeling and control: An overview

Research on using high-resolution event-based data for traffic modeling and control is still at early stage. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview on what has been achieved and also think ahead on what can be achieved in the future. It is our opinion that using high-resolution event data, instead of conventional aggregate data, could bring significant improvements to current research and practices in traffic engineering. Event data records the times when a vehicle arrives at and departs from a vehicle detector. From that, individual vehicle’s on-detector-time and time gap between two consecutive vehicles can be derived. Such detailed information is of great importance for traffic modeling and control. As reviewed in this paper, current research has demonstrated that event data are extremely helpful in the fields of detector error diagnosis, vehicle classification, freeway travel time estimation, arterial performance measure, signal control optimization, traffic safety, traffic flow theory, and environmental studies. In addition, the cost of event data collection is low compared to other data collection techniques since event data can be directly collected from existing controller cabinet without any changes on the infrastructure, and can be continuously collected in 24/7 mode. This brings many research opportunities as suggested in the paper.     

事故车辆局部变形精细计算与模拟系统

在收集汽车碰撞事故相关典型案例基础上,以事故车辆局部复杂变形区域为研究对象,采用有限元方法、六面体网格生成算法及十节点曲边四面体对事故车辆变形部位变形前后划分网格.针对各网格单元,采用车辆动力学及弹性力学理论建立碰撞力计算模型以及碰撞瞬间速度计算模型.在汽车碰撞事故虚拟再现分析中,通过拟合网格单元以较高的计算精度得到事故发生前汽车的运动速度大小和方向.     

铝氧化银鱼雷电池段的温度控制

铝氧化银电池是目前应用于鱼雷的重要动力电池,其反应温度关系到鱼雷能否稳定航行,通过电池壳体内外对流换热可控制反应温度。分析了电池流道电解液循环速度、壳体材质对换热的影响。研究表明,可通过降低流道高度进而提高流道内电解液速度、更换导热性良好的壳体材料以增大散热功率,保证散热安全裕量。     

磁处理对南海原油凝点的影响规律研究

通过对原油进行磁处理,可以改善原油的流动性,降低其输送成本。通过控制磁化温度、磁化转速和磁化强度,对模拟南海原油油样进行磁处理后凝点变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:磁处理能降低南海原油的凝点,磁化温度、磁化转速和磁化强度对南海原油的凝点均有影响。在40~80℃的温度区间内,磁化温度越高,磁处理降凝效果越好;在0~100 mT的磁场强度范围内,随着磁化强度增加,凝点具有不断降低趋势;最优的磁化转速为1000 r/min,在此转速下,实验油样凝点降低了4.7%。     

轮对系统随机动态分叉研究

运用随机平均法对轮对系统的随机分叉行为进行研究,对比亚临界和超临界分叉2种典型轮对系统随机动态分叉的差异,分析动态分叉与Hopf分叉的区别,定义全局随机临界速度,提出新的失稳判定方法。结果表明,随机激扰对轮对系统的稳定性影响很大,在随机激扰的作用下,轮对系统的临界速度会随着随机激扰的强度增大而显著降低,当轮对仅受轨道随机激励时随机激扰对稳定性的影响不大,但遇到大风等强激扰环境时,随机激扰的影响将不可忽视。随机动态分叉点对应的速度可作为全局随机临界速度,且最大Lyapunov指数法可作为新的失稳判定方法。     

道岔区聚氨酯固化道床烘干装置的研发

针对道岔区聚氨酯固化道床施工提出一种道床烘干技术。通过高精度、智能化的道床温湿度检测,实时监控烘干效果。本文首先介绍了道床烘干装置的总体设计,然后对道床烘干数值模拟结果和试验线上实测结果进行了分析。结果表明:当密封罩内分风结构导流角为100°时,密封罩的7个出风口风速均匀;烘干约10 min时道床烘干深度可达350 mm,道床相对湿度约20%,满足聚氨酯施工要求;与现有设备相比,该道床烘干装置具有小型化、快捷化的特点,可实现对道岔区等复杂线路区段的道床烘干作业。     

“一带一路”国家高速铁路新建线路技术规章体系构建研究

随着“一带一路”倡议的推进和中国铁路“走出去”战略的实施,铁路技术规章体系国际化的要求日益迫切。从我国技术规章体系入手,以印度尼西亚、泰国为主要分析对象,分析我国技术规章应用的适应性,提出以单一层次技术规章体系为核心,将车务、机务、工务、供电、车辆等专业合并为运营管理、动车组运用维护、固定设施维护和信息系统4个部分的体系架构,并指出各个部分应最少具有的技术规章以及其对应参考的国内技术规章,为“一带一路”国家高速铁路新建线路规章建设提供参考。     

京张高速铁路连续梁0^#段吊装施工技术

依托新建北京至张家口高速铁路延庆下行联络线跨大浮坨村烽火台特大桥主跨连续梁0^#段工程施工,详细地介绍了连续梁0^#段预制完成后吊装就位的施工技术,并制定了安装过程施工质量和安全控制措施。采用该技术,连续梁0^#段和桥梁主墩可同时施工,不仅能保证工程施工质量和工期,而且在北方寒冷地区高空中无法实现冬施措施的项目中具有很强的推广价值。通过新建京张高速铁路桥梁工程的连续梁工程的快速施工,验证了该技术的可行性。     

Traffic state estimation and uncertainty quantification based on heterogeneous data sources: A three detector approach

This study focuses on how to use multiple data sources, including loop detector counts, AVI Bluetooth travel time readings and GPS location samples, to estimate macroscopic traffic states on a homogeneous freeway segment. With a generalized least square estimation framework, this research constructs a number of linear equations that map the traffic measurements as functions of cumulative vehicle counts on both ends of a traffic segment. We extend Newell’s method to solve a stochastic three-detector problem, where the mean and variance estimates of cell-based density and flow can be analytically derived through a multinomial probit model and an innovative use of Clark’s approximation method. An information measure is further introduced to quantify the value of heterogeneous traffic measurements for improving traffic state estimation on a freeway segment.