城市轨道交通大客流等车时间计算模型

城市轨道交通的运营在早、晚高峰或突发大客流情况下,客流量超过列车最大承载能力,乘客将排队等待后继车辆而延长等车时间。乘客等车时间是评价交通服务水平和优化列车开行方案的关键因素。提出一种基于列车时刻表,利用排队论方法,准确计算严重拥挤情况下乘客等待时间的模型。针对乘客等车时间计算模糊的问题,在考虑乘客实时到达规律、OD(起讫点)分布、发车间隔和列车运能的基础上,创新地提出可用于城市轨道交通网络和双向的大客流和常规客流的等车时间累计计算方法,可为大客流的时刻表优化策略提供理论依据,并通过累计输入-输出算法计算大客流等车时间的实例,分析多参数变化趋势。实证表明,模型可用于城市轨道交通网络和双向的大客流和常规客流的等车时间实时计算。     

城际轨道交通信号系统设计方案探讨

针对城际轨道交通信号系统工程,讨论了信号系统适用的几种方案。考虑到工程实际条件,从运营需求、系统功能、实施难度等方面对几种信号系统方案进行了比选讨论,对城际轨道交通信号系统的建设具有一定的参考意义。     

快速公交站台形式及位置最佳布置方法

快速公交在我国部分城市已经开始实践,但对于站台的形式及位置的选择,我国还没有相应的理论依据。在阐述快速公交站台各种形式的适用性及布置方法的基础上,详细分析了路中式快速公交站台设置在交叉口进口和出口的适用性及位置形式。最后,以乘客时间效益为主要指标,建立了乘客出行延误模型,提出适合我国混合交通特性的站台最佳布置方法,为我国快速公交的实践提供依据。     

Including passengers’ response to crowding in the Dutch national train passenger assignment model

Transit passengers’ response to crowded conditions has been studied empirically, yet is limitedly included in transport models currently used in the design of policy and infrastructure investments. This has consequences for the practical applicability of these models in studies on, for instance, timetabling, train capacity management strategies, project appraisal, and passenger satisfaction. Here we propose four methods to include the effect of crowding, based on existing studies on passengers’ perception and response as well as often-used crowding indicators. These four alternative methods are implemented in the train passenger assignment procedure of the Dutch national transport model, and evaluated with respect to their impacts on the model results for the Dutch railway network. The four methods relate to four different ways in which an additive trip penalty and/or time-multiplier can be incorporated in the train utility function for different travel purposes, to capture the disutility of crowding as measured by the load factor. The analyses of the test case favor the hybrid method using both a boarding penalty (capturing seat availability upon boarding) and a time-multiplier (capturing physical comfort and safety throughout the trip). This method produces consistent results, while the additional computational effort that it imposes is acceptable. Further empirical underpinning is needed to conclusively show which of these methods best captures passengers’ response behavior quantitatively (for different travel purposes and conditions).     

Extraboard team sizing: An analysis of short unscheduled absences among regular transit drivers

Several factors contribute to short-duration unscheduled absences of bus transit drivers. This article aims to understand these factors at the aggregate level and to anticipate future total absence that will need to be filled for a large-size transit operator. The aggregate level is defined as the total number of regular driver absences per garage, day of week and time period that need to be covered by the extraboards. This study analyzes absenteeism data obtained from OC Transpo, the transit provider of the city of Ottawa, Canada. A multilevel regression model is generated to investigate regular drivers’ absences. The short-unscheduled absence is estimated in relation to temporal factors, drivers’ personal characteristics, aspects of assigned work, and service delivery characteristics. Furthermore, using the model’s coefficients, sensitivity analyses are conducted to demonstrate the advantages of this technique over traditional ones adopted by various transit agencies. This study provides transit planners and policy makers with a practical methodology that can be used to support extraboard planning practice and help reduce the incidence of missed trips due to absences while having the appropriate size of extraboard drivers.     

Assessing social equity in distance based transit fares using a model of travel behavior

The goal of this study is to develop and apply a new method for assessing social equity impacts of distance-based public transit fares. Shifting to a distance-based fare structure can disproportionately favor or penalize different subgroups of a population based on variations in settlement patterns, travel needs, and most importantly, transit use. According to federal law, such disparities must be evaluated by the transit agency, but the area-based techniques identified by the Federal Transit Authority for assessing discrimination fail to account for disparities in distances travelled by transit users. This means that transit agencies currently lack guidelines for assessing the social equity impacts of replacing flat fare with distance-based fare structures. Our solution is to incorporate a joint ordinal/continuous model of trip generation and distance travelled into a GIS Decision Support System. The system enables a transit planner to visualize and compare distance travelled and transit-cost maps for different population profiles and fare structures. We apply the method to a case study in the Wasatch Front, Utah, where the Utah Transit Authority is exploring a switch to a distance-based fare structure. The analysis reveals that overall distance-based fares benefit low-income, elderly, and non-white populations. However, the effect is geographically uneven, and may be negative for members of these groups living on the urban fringe.     

Overview of public transport policy developments in South Africa

In South Africa, a restructuring of the public transport system is currently under way. In the bus industry the tender for contract system is being implemented, the commuter rail sector is being recapitalised and the minibus taxi industry recapitalization programme is in its early stages. Progress with policy implementation across the modes of transport, modal split trends and issues that hamper the full development of the public transport industry are discussed in this paper. Medium to long term policy and strategy initiatives that will further inform the development of the industry are also highlighted in this chapter.     

Rethinking bus punctuality by integrating Automatic Vehicle Location data and passenger patterns

This paper investigates punctuality at bus stops. Although it is typically evaluated from the point of view of bus operators, it must also account for users, as required in recent service quality norms. Therefore, evaluating punctuality at bus stops is highly important, but may also be a complex task, because data on both bus arrivals (or departures) and users must be taken into account and processed. Data on buses can be collected by Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems, but several challenges must be addressed in order to use them effectively. Passengers data at bus stops cannot be derived from AVL, but they can be used to derive passenger patterns and need to be integrated into processed AVL data. This paper proposes a new punctuality measure defined as the fraction of passengers who will be served within an acceptably short interval after they arrive. A method is proposed to determine this measure: it provides (i) several rules to handle AVL collected data, (ii) a procedure integrating processed AVL data and potential passengers’ patterns and (iii) a hierarchical process to perform the punctuality measure on each bus route direction of a transit network, as well as for every bus stop and time period. The paper illustrates the experimentation of this method on more than 4,000,000 data of a real bus operator and represents outcomes by easy-to-read control dashboards.     

城市轨道交通票制与票价研究

随着城市轨道交通的快速发展,其票制与票价问题备受瞩目。本文介绍了城市轨道交通基本票制、票价制定原则及其优惠政策,在分析各城市轨道交通票价的基础上,对影响城市轨道交通票价的因素进行分析,提出未来城市轨道交通票制与票价的发展建议。     

Measuring the expected locational accessibility of urban transit network for commuting trips

This paper focuses on measuring of the expected locational accessibility (ELA) of urban transit networks for commuters. The ELA of the transit network is measured by a factor named expected locational accessibility index (ELAI), which is calculated based on the expected number of reachable stations with different times of transfers (ENRST) starting from any one transit station on the network. Two approaches, the sample-test-statistics method and the topological analysis method for determining the ENRST are proposed and tested with an example transit network. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to an empirical study for evaluating the ELA performance of bus transit network for commuters of Xiamen City, China. The empirical results show that the ELAI obtained by our two methods are relatively smaller than those obtained by the existing methods. The reason is analyzed to guarantee the accuracy of ELAI measurement.