基于GSOM神经网络模型的交通行为模式学习方法研究

提出了一种用于基于视频的交通事件自动检测的交通行为模式学习方法。首先为了获取利用神经网络进行车辆行为模式学习所需的训练数据,一种基于运动估算的车辆跟踪算法被建立,将采集到的灰度视频图像序列转化为车辆标号场时空序列。其次,使用轨迹建模和编码的方法,将跟踪结果转化为轨迹数据用于网络训练。在此基础上,建立自组织神经网络,并针对自组织网络的不足使用改进的GSOM模型,选择欧氏范数作为测度,自主开发了试验软件,以U形转事件为对象开展试验,对轨迹数据进行学习。对比试验结果表明改进的GSOM算法能有效提取行为模式。GSOM相比SOM用于行为模式学习更为有效和准确。     

寒冷地区城市道路信号控制参数取值研究

在冰雪路面环境下,调查数据表明车辆的运行特征发生了显著变化,主要表现在车速、加速度下降了30%,饱和流率下降了16%,起动、制动损失时间上升了27%。基于HCM、Webster信号控制理论与不同路面环境下的车流运行特征值,对信号控制中周期时长、绿信比、相位差以及黄灯时间、红灯时间的合理取值问题进行了分析,得到了冰雪路面环境下信号控制参数取值的影响因素与变化范围。仿真研究表明:在冰雪路面环境下采用非冰雪路面环境下的信号控制方案会增加车辆延误与排队长度,加剧交叉口的拥挤程度。因此,交通信号控制系统应针对不同的路面环境分别制定与路面环境相适应的信号控制方案。     

车辆识别中的博弈特征选择研究

针对特征识别判断中出现的冲突和特征过多所造成的特征维数灾难问题,采用博弈论的方法对车辆特征空间进行搜索,找到一组对车辆类型识别的最佳特征子集。在多特征组成的特征空间中把具有存在冗余关系的特征定义为博弈过程中的同一个局中人,具有互补关系的特征定义为不同的局中人,用互信息构造支付值函数,使支付值函数能够表现局中人之间的可信度冲突关系。支付值函数的大小和局中人采用对策的分类能力大小相关,分类可信度高的对策支付值大,分类可信度弱的对策支付值小。在车辆识别应用中,车辆的5个特征所组成的特征空间中,把具有冗余与关系的特征分成两个局中人,构造出支付函数,在赢得矩阵中求出均衡解,得出均衡解所对应的{车长、后轮距}是特征空间的一组最佳特征子集。     

公交车辆运行微观交通仿真模型研究

介绍了上海交通大学与吉林大学共同开发的微观交通仿真系统MTSS的体系结构;建立了公交网络描述模型、公交车辆产生模型、乘客需求模型、公交站点事件反应模型和公交车辆运行模型;以微观交通仿真系统MTSS为仿真平台构建了公交车辆运行微观仿真模型;对上海市斜土路非港湾式站点与华山路港湾式站点进行了实地数据调查,利用实测数据对建立的公交车辆运行微观交通仿真模型进行了验证,测量值与仿真值之间的误差在10%以内。验证结果表明,建立的公交车辆运行微观交通仿真模型可以较好的描述公交车辆的运行过程以及与其他交通流之间的相互影响关系。     

Institutional constraints on transport policymaking: the case of company cars in Israel

Transportation analysis emphasizes the necessity to internalize the transport externalities of car usage through taxation. Yet taxation decisions are often made with non-transport goals in mind. In such cases, transport policies are made ‘by the way.’ This paper examines such a case: Israel’s taxation policy on company cars. It shows that current taxation policies result in increasing numbers of company cars and growing numbers of transport users who are not sensitive to the marginal cost of car use and make excessive use of the car. As a result, a significant portion of Travel Demand Management (TDM) measures cannot affect this group. The Israeli case of company car tax reform demonstrates the problematic effect of a policy that does not take its overall consequences on other policy fields into account and thereby impairs efforts to reduce the negative impacts of the transport system. Also, it demonstrates the importance of institutional aspects of transport policymaking.

我国大规模城市交通发展方略的研究

文章针对我国大规模城市交通发展中存在的主要问题,从国外大城市的交通发展经验及实际数据入手,分析存在问题的原因,提出了可行的解决方案,探讨了如何在我国大规模城市建立快速、高效和可持续发展的现代化城市交通系统的相关对策。     

Engaging paratransit on public transport reform initiatives in South Africa: A critique of policy and an investigation of appropriate engagement approaches

A number of South African cities are planning integrated public transport networks that rely on the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), in line with similar trends to expand or upgrade public transport services in emerging and industrialised urban transport markets around the globe. In addition, BRT in South Africa is being used as a mechanism to drive reform in the dominant yet highly fragmented paratransit sector, inspired by similar processes particularly in Latin American cities such as Bogotá, Mexico City, and Santiago de Chile. Thousands of paratransit operators would have to formalise their businesses, or merge into new or existing operator entities in order to participate in the new systems. There is, however, an absence of accessible business plans and regulatory regime proposals around which paratransit can be engaged to convince it to alter its current modus operandi. A large number of national, regional and local paratransit groupings have furthermore indicated their resistance to the planned networks on the grounds of insufficient consultation, an unclear future role in the system and employee redundancies. Should this deadlock not be resolved, it seems unlikely that the planned networks will be realised in the proposed timeframes, if indeed at all. This paper investigates the South African passenger transport policy framework that has contributed to the current deadlock, and explores appropriate approaches to engaging paratransit operators on a system of contracting, competition and ownership that recognises the sector’s aspirations and fragmented nature, yet contributes towards improved passenger transport services. It is the authors’ view that paratransit reform is a highly context-specific process, even at the sub-city level, and that this could prevent transferring paratransit regulatory and integration approaches across countries, and even cities in the same country, without adaptation to local conditions.     

Ground travel mode choices of air arrivals at regional destinations: The significance of tourism attributes and destination contexts

The aim of this paper is to examine the air leisure arrivals’ ground travel mode choice in the context of their decision to disperse beyond the gateway. A stated choice experiment was designed to examine the dispersal and travel mode choice of leisure visitors arriving on air transport at Cairns. Results show that for a hypothetical public bus alternative, attributes such as ‘sightseeing opportunities’ and ‘driver quality’ were significant for trips made to less known destinations located south of Cairns, compared to destinations north of Cairns. Findings suggest that while travel mode attributes and trip characteristics are significant determinants of the mode choice of air leisure arrivals, the extent of their significance varied markedly across destinations. Although the data examined in this paper were collected in Cairns, this research should be of relevance to many regions interested in understanding the relationship between destination transport and dispersal of air arrivals.     

不同快速路出口设计通行能力条件下辅路信号控制策略研究

基于元胞传输模型描述快速路出口和辅路的交通流运行,建立了包括交通流模拟模块、虚拟信号机模块和数据交换中心模块等在内的快速路出口辅路信号控制仿真系统。以北京市三环快速路蓟门桥东出口辅路信号控制系统为背景,在出口段存在通行能力瓶颈和不存在通行能力瓶颈两种实验条件下,分析了有无辅路信号控制和不同周期控制策略对系统延误和快速路出口延误的影响。得出辅路信号控制周期存在临界周期;辅路调节率控制相对基于周期的控制方式将产生更小的延误;在辅路出口不存在设计瓶颈时设置辅路信号控制的有效性大大降低等结论。