Schedule-based transit assignment model with vehicle capacity and seat availability

In this paper, we propose a new schedule-based equilibrium transit assignment model that differentiates the discomfort level experienced by sitting and standing passengers. The notion of seat allocation has not been considered explicitly and analytically in previous schedule-based frameworks. The model assumes that passengers use strategies when traveling from their origin to their destination. When loading a vehicle, standing on-board passengers continuing to the next station have priority to get available seats and waiting passengers are loaded on a First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) principle. The stimulus of a standing passenger to sit increases with his/her remaining journey length and time already spent on-board. When a vehicle is full, passengers unable to board must wait for the next vehicle to arrive. The equilibrium conditions can be stated as a variational inequality involving a vector-valued function of expected strategy costs. To find a solution, we adopt the method of successive averages (MSA) that generates strategies during each iteration by solving a dynamic program. Numerical results are also reported to show the effects of our model on the travel strategies and departure time choices of passengers.     

Bus congestion, optimal infrastructure investment and the choice of a fare collection system in dedicated bus corridors

Microeconomic optimisation of scheduled public transport operations has traditionally focused on finding optimal values for the frequency of service, capacity of vehicles, number of lines and distance between stops. In addition, however, there exist other elements in the system that present a trade-off between the interests of users and operators that have not received attention in the literature, such as the optimal selection of a fare payment system and a designed running speed (i.e., the cruising speed that buses maintain in between two consecutive stops). Alternative fare payment methods (e.g., on-board and off-board, payment by cash, magnetic strip or smart card) have different boarding times and capital costs, with the more efficient systems such as a contactless smart card imposing higher amounts of capital investment. Based on empirical data from several Bus Rapid Transit systems around the world, we also find that there is a positive relationship between infrastructure cost per kilometre and commercial speed (including stops), achieved by the buses, which we further postulate as a linear relationship between infrastructure investment and running speed. Given this context, we develop a microeconomic model for the operation of a bus corridor that minimises total cost (users and operator) and has five decision variables: frequency, capacity of vehicles, station spacing, fare payment system and running speed, thus extending the traditional framework. Congestion, induced by bus frequency, plays an important role in the design of the system, as queues develop behind high demand bus stops when the frequency is high. We show that (i) an off-board fare payment system is the most cost effective in the majority of circumstances; (ii) bus congestion results in decreased frequency while fare and bus capacity increase, and (iii) the optimal running speed grows with the logarithm of demand.     

坚持公交优先,发展立体交通,构建市民和谐出行环境

公交优先发展战略是当前许多国家实施可持续交通发展的治本之选,公交优先体现了平民权利的优先.结合《建设部关于优先发展城市公共交通的意见》和南京市交通建设规划现状,对公交优先策略的必要性、实施公交优先的方法与有效措施等问题进行了深入分析,提出了坚持公交优先,发展立体交通,构建市民和谐出行环境的城市交通建设理念.     

基于绿色交通理念的深圳市盐田区交通规划探索与实践

绿色交通已经成为建设低碳社会的有效抓手,是当今世界城市交通发展的必然趋势。首先介绍了绿色交通的内涵与基本特征,提出了绿色交通的发展内容与模式;在借鉴国内外绿色交通发展经验的基础上,并在深圳市绿色交通体系及模式的指引下,对深圳市国家生态城区——盐田区进行了绿色交通规划的探索。结合盐田区城市土地空间不足、生态资源受约束的现实条件,采取了空间差异性交通发展模式,并着重分析了地区公共交通系统、自行车、山海步行系统的发展规划思路。     

浅析认知策略在英语听力教学中的应用

听力理解是一种重要的语言技能,也是一个复杂的认知过程。本文分析了听力理解的障碍,探讨了认知策略在英语听力教学中的实际应用,提出了听力训练的模式,旨在提高学生的英语听力理解能力,培养学习的自主性。     

不同教学模式对非英语专业词汇学习效果的影响

文中依据展开理论和合作学习理论,通过比较两种不同的呈现模式--老师举例讲解教授词汇与学生小组内互助学习词汇,研究词汇学习的差异.笔者首先分析相关数据,以确定参加测试的两个班的英语水平没有显著差异.在实验中,每个班的学生按照上述不同的呈现方式中的一种,学习经过预测挑选出来的词汇,然后他们分别接受两次测试,测试结果通过SP...     

基于职业能力培养的高职英语实训教学模式的探索

高职教育领域中各种教学模式不断涌现,但是,对英语的实训教学模式却一直困扰着英语工作者。文中在基于职业能力培养的高职英语新课程体系上,探索以职业能力培养为核心的实训教学模式。     

城市土地利用特征对居民出行方式的影响——以深圳市为例

为缓解日益严重的城市交通问题、优化居民出行方式,有必要研究城市土地利用与交通系统的协调问题.以深圳市为例,应用多元Logit模型(MNL模型),纳入城市土地利用变量与出行者的家庭、社会、经济等变量,分析其对居民工作与非工作出行方式的影响.研究结果表明,出行起点的城市区位是影响居民出行方式的重要因素之一.相对于组团中心和...     

小学生上下学出行特征分析与管理策略

小学生上下学交通是城市居民出行的重要组成部分,由于家长接送学生时私人小汽车的停放以及机非混合,严重影响了学校门口的交通运行。以小学生上下学出行为研究对象,结合某小学的分层抽样OD调查数据,研究小学生上下学出行方式,并与美国小学生的出行方式进行对比;采集学校所在路段的交通量,绘制12 h交通量时变曲线,与无学校影响的、类似路段的交通量时变曲线进行对比,揭示学校所在路段交通量波动特征和上下学出行结构特征。在出行结构分析和交通量分析基础上,从出行结构和供需关系两方面提出改善小学生上下学交通的管理策略。     

天山公路崩塌病害形成机制分析

基于对天山公路沿线崩塌病害的详细调查和统计,分析了崩塌病害形成的条件与影响因素;根据岩体变形的力学机制,把天山公路沿线崩塌分为四种破坏模式;通过对天山公路崩塌病害形成条件分析和破坏模式的划分,为进一步有针对性地提出处治方案提供了理论依据。