完整街道扫描仪:智慧城市人居环境感知新技术

完整街道扫描仪以"连通"为目的构建,以移动载具的形式在未来城市的路网中部署、载人运行,借助其上搭载的传感器、车联网功能扩展出对交通流、街道环境、行人进行扫描、记录、分析、影响的能力,成为一种面向未来智慧城市的人居环境感知系统。当完整街道扫描仪成规模部署后,其作用将不仅限制于交通领域,还将深入参与进共享经济、数据安全、城市发展规划,有潜力成为一种新的经济发展模式。本文聚焦从单车智能到人居环境智能的城市管理智能化维度需求演变,从未来交通管理、未来城市管理与数字经济产业支撑三个方向对完整街道扫描仪满足未来智慧城市的需求进行阐述。同时,也总结出了完整街道扫描仪的原型系统概念模型,以及已搭建进行的示范应用。     

基于滑模控制的卡尔曼滤波在列车定位中的研究

为了提高城市轨道交通中轮轴速度传感器与加速度计组合定位的精度,提出一种基于滑模控制的改进卡尔曼滤波算法。对于组合定位来说,由于卡尔曼滤波不能很好地修正加减速过程中的空转打滑误差,考虑到滑模控制器的滑动模态与系统的参数及扰动无关,提出采用基于滑模控制的改进卡尔曼滤波来进一步降低误差。其基本思路是应用指数趋近律滑模变结构来改善里程计算值,然后再进行卡尔曼滤波。并利用仿真软件对上述过程进行验证,仿真结果表明:基于滑模控制的改进卡尔曼滤波算法,能够在一定程度上减小空转打滑误差,进一步提高定位的精度。最后通过与其他卡尔曼滤波改进算法对比,得出基于滑模控制的卡尔曼滤波方法结构更为简单,也能保证一定的精度。     

Potential of low viscosity oils to reduce CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of urban buses fleets

This paper shows the results of a comparative fleet test the main objective of which was to measure the influence of Low Viscosity Oils (LVO) over the fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions of urban buses. To perform this test, 39 urban buses, classified into candidate and reference groups depending on the engine oil viscosity, covered a 60,000 km mileage corresponding to two rounds of standard Oil Drain Interval (ODI). In the same way, for 9 buses of the 39 buses, the effect of differential LVO over fuel consumption and their interaction with engine LVO was assessed during the second ODI.Test results confirm that the use of LVO could reduce fuel consumption, hence CO₂ emissions. However, special attention should be taken prior to its implementation in a fleet, particularly if the vehicles are powered by engines with high mechanical and thermal stresses during vehicle operation because this could lead to friction loss increase, loss of the potential fuel consumption reduction of LVO and, in the worst scenario, higher rates of engine wear.     

The built environment and travel behavior in urban China: A literature review

Interests in studying of the built environment impacts on travel behavior have proliferated from North America to other parts of the world including China. Until very recently, there has been very little research into travel behavior in China. However, during the last decade, there has been a fast growing interest in studying the built environment and travel behavior in Chinese cities, perhaps motivated by China’s unprecedented urbanization and rapid urban transport development. Case studies from China provide new insights into the impacts of built environment on travel behavior that can help to enrich existing scholarship. However, currently there is a generally poor understanding of the role played by Chinese research and how it has enriched the international literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by reviewing studies in and outside China by both Chinese and non-Chinese scholars. The focus is on the contribution of these studies to the international literature. We identify four areas of contribution: how the built environment has been developed and its implications for travel behavior; the importance of housing sources in defining residential built environment and explaining travel behavior; the unique Danwei (or work unit) perspective on jobs-housing relationships and commuting behavior; and the importance of neighborhood types in explaining travel behavior in Chinese cities. The findings from this review should be relevant for researchers interested in developing future studies that will further advance geographic knowledge of the built environment and travel behavior, specifically in China and with broader global contexts.     

TOD开发模式解析及研究述评

通过分析公交导向型开发(Transit Oriented Development,TOD)理论的产生背景和发展历史,详细辨析其概念和特点,并阐述其理论基础和基本原理。在对国内外TOD研究综述的基础上,结合我国城市发展的现状,提出了TOD对我国城市发展的借鉴意义及未来主要研究方向。     

中小城市交通生成预测模型研究

城市交通生成预测是城市交通规划的基础，如何客观、科学地进行交通生成预测，是当前我国城市交通规划中共同面临的课题。一般来说，不同的土地利用布局、不同的土地利用性质和不同的土地利用强度，对应着不同的交通生成。因此，建立土地利用与交通生成的相互关系模型，实现土地利用-出行生成相关因素-交通生成的三步式预测方法向土地利用-交通生成两步式预测方法的过渡，将在大大简化交通需求预测过程的同时提高预测结果的可靠性。     

基于双向变流装置的城市轨道牵引供电系统潮流计算

基于双向变流装置输出外特性,分析电压调整率与下垂率的关系;以电压源换流器模型为基础,建立考虑下垂输出外特性的双向变流装置计算模型;采用交直流一体迭代潮流算法,进行含双向变流装置的城市轨道牵引供电系统潮流计算。以某地铁工程为例,列车采用6B编组,最高时速为80km·h^-1,研究双向变流装置下垂率和空载电压对峰值功率、牵引网网压和钢轨电位的影响。结果表明:随着输出外特性中下垂率的增长,双向变流装置峰值功率需求降低,但牵引网网压波动加剧,钢轨电位提高;当空载电压在1 500~1 650V范围内、下垂率为0.055~0.06时,全线牵引降压混合所整流工况的峰值功率最大在7 146~7 320kW之间。在实际工程中,应选取适当的下垂率和电压调整率,允许部分功率跨区间传输,以降低双向变流装置的安装容量,同时兼顾牵引网网压和钢轨电位的控制需求。     

从新型有轨电车谈城市轨道交通的可持续发展

通过对国内如火如荼的地铁建设进行分析,结合目前各个城市正在规划建设新型有轨电车的新形势,提出将城市地铁线网与新型有轨电车网络进行整合的理念：中心城区以地铁线网为骨干交通,城市外围以有轨电车为骨干网,有轨电车衔接地铁网络并互为补充,两网合并为一张轨道交通网络,同步规划与建设,由一家公司来统筹运营。从规划及建设方面考虑,以客流为支撑,压缩地铁长度,加大新型有轨电的网络覆盖规模,充分利用网络资源,实现轨道交通经济效益与社会效益的最大化,以达到轨道交通可持续发展的目的。     

海底盾构隧道双层衬砌 柔性垫层研究

针对大连地铁5号线工程梭鱼湾南站单洞双线盾构区间隧道施工建设问题,探讨岩溶发育区海底隧地铁盾构隧道支护技术。考虑岩溶发育地区工程地质情况复杂及在特殊工况,如地震作用下,结构发生附加变形时的隧道安全,提出使用盾构隧道双层衬砌结构及柔性柔性垫层,通过理论分析、数值计算等方法,分析一定强制位移条件下,不同厚度及密度的柔性垫层对盾构隧道双层衬砌结构内力分布的影响。研究结果表明：随着材料密度的增加,隧道外衬所受最大弯矩先减少后增加,而内衬所受最大弯矩先增大后减小。相同密度情况下,随着材料厚度的增加,外衬最大弯矩逐渐增大,内衬最大弯矩逐渐减小。当柔性垫层材料性能适中能提供充分的协调变形空间时,隧道内外衬砌能合理分配结构附加变形产生的内力,从而大幅提高隧道支护的安全性能。     

有砟轨道技术在北京市城市轨道交通地下线正线的应用研究

研究分析北京市城市轨道交通地下线正线应用有砟轨道结构技术措施。对地下线正线应用有砟轨道的结构形式、部件选型进行设计分析,并辅以模拟计算手段对道床部分典型动力特性进行分析,借鉴国铁养护维修典型年运量理论对地下线有砟轨道养护维修工作量进行分析,认为道床几何尺寸、纵横阻力等稳定性指标能够满足相关规范要求,设备选型合理可行,养护维修工作量适中,认为北京市城市轨道交通地下线正线应用有砟轨道技术具备可行性和重要意义。