2007-2017年西安市机动车排放特征研究

西安市机动车保有量的大量增长带来了交通尾气污染物和CO2的高强度、集中性排放,严重影响空气质量以及碳排放治理工作。因此,详细的机动车排放特征研究可以为减排措施的设定提供依据。本文研究了2007-2017年西安市不同车型、不同排放标准的车辆排放特征。研究发现:各种污染物中,CO2排放量增长最快,年均增长率为15.1%。大型客车和大型货车是NOx、PM2.5的主要来源,小型客车和大型货车是CO2的主要来源。随着排放标准的不断提高,2017年国0排放标准的车型对VOCS和CO的贡献率仅为2.7%和1.9%。对各种污染物进行归一化处理后发现,CO和NOx在机动车污染物中占比最高。     

Network-wide traffic and environmental impacts of acceleration and deceleration among Eco-Driving Vehicles in different road configurations

Eco-Driving, a driver behaviour-based method, has featured in a number of national policy documents as part of CO₂ emission reduction or climate change strategies. This investigation comprises a detailed assessment of acceleration and deceleration in Eco-Driving Vehicles at different penetration levels in the vehicle fleet, under varying traffic composition and volume. The impacts of Eco-Driving on network-wide traffic and environmental performance at a number of speed-restricted road networks (30?km/h) is quantified using microsimulation. The results show that increasing levels of Eco-Driving in certain road networks result in significant environmental and traffic congestion detriments at the road network level in the presence of heavy traffic. Increases in CO₂ emissions of up to 18% were found. However, with the addition of vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-infrastructure communication technology which facilitates dynamic driving control on speed and acceleration/deceleration in vehicles, improvements in CO₂ emissions and traffic congestion are possible using Eco-Driving.     

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with electric vehicle charging: The impact of electricity generation mix in a developing country

Since 2012, the government has been promoting the electric vehicles and the development of related infrastructure to encourage local automakers to explore into the alternatively powered vehicles. However, the benefits of grid-dependent EVs can only be harvested under the condition that their use is coupled with a low carbon electricity grid. Thus, it is an additional challenge for Malaysia's that are largely dependent on fossil fuels for electricity generation. The object of this paper is to perform a well-to-wheel life cycle assessment for calculating the greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the usage of ICEVs, HEVs and EVs in Malaysian scenario. These emission calculations will provide the best information for policymakers, researchers, and investors to make appropriate and effective decisions on policies, research and investments in future transport energy. The results show that running EVs with national grid will produce an average of 7% more GHG emissions than HEVs at the same distance. However, they will produce an average of 19% less GHG emissions than the ICEVs. Overall the GHG emissions produced through the usage of EVs are substantial based on the well-to-wheel analysis, as the environmental profile of EVs is linked with the national grid. Therefore, in order to harvest the benefit of EVs towards climate change and global warming mitigation, massive modernization and transformation should be taken for the development of the national grid towards greener sources.     

6300ZC柴油机进气预混甲醇裂解气改善排放的研究

在不改变6300ZC柴油机结构和参数的基础上,开发了柴油机进气管预混甲醇裂解气的试验装置系统,研究了预混微量裂解气时6300ZC柴油机的排放特性.研究结果表明,当柴油机进气预混甲醇裂解气的质量百分比为2.5%～5.0%时,与原机相比,各负荷下NOX与碳烟排放大幅度改善,HC排放也有明显降低,CO排放略有上升.在高负荷时,NOX排放可降低37.6%,碳烟排放可降低43.5%.     

城市道路环境下的车载自组网分簇路由机制

车载自组网(VANET)是一种将高速移动车辆作为通信节点的Ad hoc网络,其网络拓扑结构变化迅速导致传统的Ad hoc路由技术并不适用。针对车辆节点在城市道路环境下的移动特点及分层结构给无线网络带来的易管理、易扩展等特性,提出了以公交车辆为簇头的VANET路由机制。该机制以公交车辆为簇头建立簇,其它车辆根据行驶速度和方向加入最优簇,在分簇的基础上运行路由协议。仿真实验结果表明:该机制在分组投递率和网络稳定性上均有改进。     

Pt/Pd/Rh堇青石催化剂降低NO_x排放的试验研究

重点研究Pt/Pd/Rh堇青石催化剂对降低柴油机NOx排放的影响,并在一台4100Q柴油机上进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,该类型催化转化器具有较好的稳定性,对发动机的燃油经济性影响不大,但易受碳烟和SOF的影响。     

The analysis of travel and emission impacts of travel demand management strategies using activity-based models

This paper demonstrates, tests and shows the value of activity-based travel demand models and household sample enumeration forecasting techniques in evaluating the transportation and air quality impacts of travel demand management strategies. Using data from the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area, three transportation policies were evaluated both individually and in combination: transit improvements, pricing, and telecommunications. The activity-based models used in this testing represents a significant improvement to today's "four-step" sequential model systems by providing a deeper insight into the individual decision making process in response to transportation policies. A wider range of impacts is predicted, and indirect effects as well as synergistic effects of such policies are taken into consideration. These models are capable of providing the information needed to improve the linkage of transportation models with emissions and air quality analysis methodologies by improving the prediction of variables that are important to accurately estimating emissions and air quality impacts of transportation actions.     

Communicating transportation carbon dioxide emissions information: Does gender impact behavioral response?

General concern and knowledge on climate change have been increasingly studied over the past decades. Gender differences have been found for general environmental concern and knowledge, but mixed findings exist with respect to climate change. In transportation, research has examined potential relations between environmental attitudes and transportation behavior, with mixed findings as well. Recently, the use of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions information to influence choice has been tested with women being found more willing to pay to reduce their personal impacts, suggesting that women are either more willing to change or that their response to information on climate change is stronger. However, those studies used CO₂ mass and studies that examined understanding of CO₂ information as a mass have found that people struggle to understand it. If concern and knowledge about climate change differ amongst individuals, then, according to theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, the type of information used to motivate choices is likely important. Using a unique data set (n = 236) it is possible to take a first look at how gender might affect concern, knowledge, and action in terms of transportation and climate change. Further, it is also possible to examine behavioral responses to transportation climate change information. Finally, an empirical analysis is conducted of the effect of how the information is presented might differ by gender. Thus, this work aims to investigate whether gender differences might contribute to the explanation of individual behavioral responses (from concern to action) in a transportation climate change context.     

An integrated framework for carbon footprinting at container seaports: the case study of a Chinese port

The objective of this research is to establish an integrated framework for carbon footprinting (CF) at container seaports (CSs). Three methodological approaches are used in this research: the multiple case study to choose suitable evaluation methods, the case study for verification of the proposed framework, and the quantitative method to calculate the emissions. The proposed integrated framework consists of five modules: policy components, sources structure, input data, emissions estimation and mitigation strategies. The effectiveness of the integrated framework is demonstrated through the practical application in Qingdao Port in China. The case study results in the detailed estimation of CO₂ emissions and detects the problem of data collection and data accuracy for CF and the necessity of stakeholders’ cooperation. The integrated framework serves to evaluate, analyze and control CO₂ emissions from the CS operations.     

Lightweighting shipping containers: Life cycle impacts on multimodal freight transportation

Freight transportation by truck, train, and ship accounts for 5% of the United States’ annual energy consumption (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017a). Much of this freight is transported in shipping containers. Lightweighting containers is an unexplored strategy to decrease energy and GHG emissions. We evaluate life cycle fuel savings and environmental performance of lightweighting scenarios applied to a forty-foot (12.2 meters) container transported by ship, train, and truck. Use phase burdens for both conventional and lightweighted containers (steel reduction, substitution with aluminum, or substitution with high tensile steel) were compared to life cycle burdens. The study scope ranged from the transportation of one container 100 km to the lifetime movement of the global container fleet on ships. Case studies demonstrated the impact of lightweighting on typical multimodal freight deliveries to the United States. GREET 1 and 2 (Argonne National Laboratory, 2016a,b) were used to estimate the total fuel cycle burdens associated with use phase fuel consumption. Fuel consumption was determined using modal Fuel Reduction Values (FRV), which relate mass reduction to fuel reduction. A lifetime reduction of 21% in the fuel required to transport a container, and 1.4% in the total fuel required to move the vehicles, cargo, and containers can be achieved. It was determined that a 10% reduction in mass of the system will result in a fuel reduction ranging from 2% to 8.4%, depending on the mode. Globally, container lightweighting can reduce energy demand by 3.6 EJ and GHG emissions by 300 million tonnes CO₂e over a 15-year lifetime.