火灾对地铁隧道排烟风机能力的影响研究

研究火灾烟气状态对排烟风机性能的影响,系统分析了地铁隧道火灾烟气的烟囱效应和热阻效应,将地铁隧道系统和排烟风机作为一个整体考虑,分析隧道烟气温度和密度沿程变化规律,建立隧道火灾网络模拟的数学模型,提出在隧道火灾排烟网络模拟时应以质量流量替代体积流量和风机性能的修正方法,研究了隧道火灾烟气流动模拟的数值方法,综合分析地铁隧道火灾的热阻效应、烟囱效应及烟流状态对地铁排烟风机排烟能力的影响。研究方法和结果为地铁隧道火灾烟气控制和事故应急处理决策提供科学依据。     

地铁车站站台火灾影响分析与人员疏散研究

掌握地铁车站站台火灾对人员的危害性及其发展规律是确保安全运营和人员高效疏散的前提.本文在计算流体动力学的基础上,结合Pyrosim仿真软件构建地铁车站站台火灾仿真模型.分析了站台内火灾烟气的扩散规律,并在此基础上根据热释放速率、火源数量及位置,以及排烟速率的不同设计火灾场景,探索这些因素变化对火灾发展的影响,并结合通风策略对人员疏散时间和速度进行比较分析.所得研究结论为站台火灾发生时的应急措施和人员疏散提供依据.     

Accelerated vehicle retirement program: Estimating the optimal incentive payment in Israel

The paper analyzes two main aspects of the accelerated vehicle retirement program in Israel: the optimal incentive payment of private cars, and the feasibility of expanding the program to include light commercial vehicles. The benefits are the reduction of pollutant emissions and safety benefits, which were compared to the costs of the incentive payment. A differential payment scheme for private vehicles according to the vehicle’s age, is shown to have a higher net benefit than a uniform payment scheme. It is also found that the optimal payment is higher than the existing incentive payment. Additionally, it is found economically feasible to include light commercial vehicles in the program.     

Forecasting bunker prices; A nonstationary,multivariate methodology

This paper suggests a methodological approach for the forecasting of marine fuel prices. The prediction of the bunker prices is of outmost importance for operators, as bunker prices affect heavily the economic planning and financial viability of ventures and determine decisions related to compliance with regulations. A multivariate nonstationary stochastic model available in the literature is being retrieved, after appropriate adjustment and testing. The model belongs to the class of periodically correlated stochastic processes with annual periodic components. The time series are appropriately transformed to become Gaussian, and then are decomposed to deterministic seasonal characteristics (mean value and standard deviation) and a residual time series. The residual part is proved to be stationary and then is modeled as a Vector AutoRegressive Mooving Average (VARMA) process. Finally, using the methodology presented, forecasts of a tetra-variate and an octa-variate time series of bunker prices are produced and are in good agreement with actual values. The obtained results encourages further research and deeper investigation of the driving characters of the multivariate time series of bunker prices.     

Resolving the property right of transportation emissions through public–private partnerships

The application of public–private partnerships (P3’s) in the transportation sector has grown in popularity worldwide. Despite this important shift in the provision of transportation service, there are clear gaps in knowledge about the impacts of P3 projects, especially on emissions from transportation systems as a whole. Not only should policy makers evaluate the emissions impacts from P3 projects, but they should also think about innovative models that address or charge for emissions into P3 contracts. This addition to P3 contracts could provide a new solution to the long-existing property right paradox: who owns (is responsible for) emissions from transportation systems? This study attempts to fill the research gap by analyzing these innovative models. Using the road network of Fresno, California, as our case study, we offer a number of interesting insights for policy makers. First, average peak emissions costs range from 1.37 cents per mile (the do-nothing case) to 1.20 cents per mile (profit-maximizing cases) per vehicle. Although emissions costs from the P3 projects are lowest for the profit-maximizing cases, the system-wide emissions costs of these cases are highest because of spillover effects. Second, charging project owners for the emissions costs of P3 projects is not an effective way to reduce emissions or the total costs of travel, especially on a VMT basis. Instead, the public sector should implement emissions-included social cost-based price ceilings. When employing these limits, project owners could still be charged for the emissions costs. Finally, using total travel time as the only objective function for evaluating P3 projects can be misleading. Several P3 projects have shown better outcomes using total travel cost with the inclusion of emissions and fuel consumption costs, instead of using total travel time as the only objective function.     

12V150柴油机水下起动性能研究

通过试验装置模拟装甲车辆水下起动,进行了多方案对比试验,分析了影响柴油机水下起动性能的几个主要因素。结果表明,配气相位和排气系统是影响柴油机水下起动性能的2个主要因素,气门重叠角越小,越有利于水下起动;脉冲排气系统较组合脉冲排气系统更有利于柴油机水下起动。     

495ZLQ柴油机参数匹配与性能计算分析

利用发动机模拟计算软件BOOST建立了495ZLQ柴油机的计算分析模型,探讨分析了不同增压器型式、排气管结构、压缩比及供油提前角等匹配参数对整机性能的影响,并确定了较合适的匹配参数。对选定的柴油机优化方案进行了标定转速3 200 r/min和最大扭矩转速2 200 r/min下的负荷特性模拟计算分析与试验验证。结果表明,模拟计算结果与试验值较为一致,柴油机性能符合预定的目标,为该柴油机改进设计与试验研究提供理论依据和研究方向。     

冷却液温度为边界条件的柴油机起动试验研究

为了研究冷却液温度对柴油机起动过程初期燃烧不稳定性及排放的影响规律,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上,利用缸压和单循环采样测试系统对柴油机起动初期单个工作循环的燃烧和排放进行了试验研究。结果表明:冷却液温度是影响柴油机起动过程不稳定的重要因素之一。较低的冷却液温度导致柴油机起动初期燃烧不稳定性增加,失火和不完全燃烧循环较多,从而导致HC排放升高,而且冷却液温度低造成的滞后燃烧会产生较高的CO排放。冷却液温度升高后,失火循环消除,同时着火延迟期明显缩短,最高燃烧压力升高,HC和CO排放显著降低,NOx排放升高,表明燃烧状况改善。     

汽车排放净化与车用催化剂

简要论述了汽车排放净化面临的形势及各主要汽车生产国家所采取的对策。装用三元催化剂是减少汽车排放污染的有效手段。介绍了车用三元催化剂的工作原理及净化特性，论述了提高车用三元催化剂性能的途径，并对未来车用催化剂开发中的若干新研究课题作了说明。     

电控LPG/柴油双燃料发动机的性能研究

对LRC6105柴油机改装为电控LPG/柴油双燃料发动机进行了实验研究,研究了不同掺烧比对燃料经济性、动力性和排放特性的影响。结果表明,加入一定比例的LPG可改变缸内燃烧过程,大幅度降低排气烟度,在一定程度上提高了燃油经济性;随着掺烧比的提高,尾气中HC和CO的含量有明显增加;电控双燃料发动机的动力性与原机基本相同。柴油机掺烧LPG有一定的规律,随发动机负荷、转速等参数的变化,掺烧有一最佳掺烧比,使得柴油机的动力性能、NOx和碳烟排放均达到最优化。