Estimation of wheel–rail contact conditions and adhesion using the multiple model approach

This paper presents the development of a multiple model estimation approach for the identification of the adhesion limit to overcome the problem of the wheel slip/slide at the rail wheel-rail contact. The contact characteristics at the rail wheel-rail interface are both highly nonlinear and subject to changes due to exposure to external contaminations. The detection of adhesion and its changes is therefore scientifically challenging, but would provide a critical information in the control of trains to avoid undesirable wear of the wheels/track but also the safety compromise of rail operations. This study exploits the variations in the dynamic behaviour of the railway wheelset caused by the contact condition changes and applies a bank of Kalman filters designed at selected operation points for the adhesion estimation. A fuzzy logic system is then developed to identify the contact conditions by examining the residuals from the Kalman filters.     

小“天窗”改造九跨式电分相施工模式探讨

既有九跨式双断口电分相因不能满足第6次铁路大提速要求而需对其进行改造.本文通过对新、旧电分相的对比及分析,提出了九跨式电分相原位置改造施工的模式,该模式不仅能克服天窗点短对施工的制约,而且能将施工对运输的影响降至最低.     

An optical tire contact pressure test bench

An optical tire contact pressure test bench developed by the IMMa group is described. The measurement system is based on the frustration of total internal reflection (FTIR) of light. The test bench allows performing normal pressure distribution and patch contact shape measurements on passenger car tires. The system is based on the use of a laterally illuminated glass on which the tire leans. Between them a plastic interphase is located that will cause the FTIR of light. A video camera catches the formed shining image through the glass. The brightness level in each pixel of the image can be related to the existing normal pressure. The study of the contact patch provided by the bench makes it possible to characterize tire behaviour under different loading states, inflation pressure, tire defects and toe and camber angles. The bench incorporates a computerized load and control system of the tire operation parameters, an image acquisition module and a data acquisition system that allow monitoring and acting on the experimental variables of interest in the tests such as load on the tire and environmental conditions. A supporting mechanical system incorporated to the bench allows providing the tire with variable toe and camber angles. From the images obtained with this system, the maximum normal pressure points, total force, size and shape of the patch can be determined, which are related to the tire-use conditions. As an application example, results that show the patch size and shape under different load and tire inflation pressures are presented. A further application, which is the use of the system for the detection and study of defective tires is also presented.     

汽车继电器触点瞬态接触行为分析及数值模型建立

继电器是车辆电器控制的一种重要元器件,其工作环境是瞬间大电流通过周期性闭合的触点,由于接触触点间接触电阻在闭合瞬间大电流的作用下产生焦耳热,导致触点极易发生熔焊的可能,严重影响继电器的使用性能,危害行车安全。继电器触点间接触行为是影响其接触电阻的关键因素。为此,本文基于Greenwood-Williamson模型建立接触力学数值模型,为探析触点间瞬态接触电阻奠定基础,为继电器热防护机构的设计及可靠性评估提供参考。     

Comparison of wheel-rail contact codes for railway vehicle simulation: an introduction to the Manchester Contact Benchmark and initial results

A new benchmark is being undertaken to assess the impact of wheel-rail contact modelling assumptions on the simulation of railway vehicle dynamics. The benchmark is split into two distinct simulation cases: the first, Case A, using a single wheelset to pinpoint the differences between the contact models and the second, Case B, using a simplified railway vehicle to assess the effect of the different contact models on the simulation of vehicle behaviour. After an open discussion of the Case A specification, the initial call for contributions was made in November 2006. The discussion of simulation Case B specifications was opened in April 2007 and to date is ongoing. This paper briefly introduces the new Manchester Contact Benchmark and presents some of the initial findings from simulation Case A.     

设计时速120 km线路架空刚性悬挂接触网跨距选择

随着国内城市轨道交通多条线路速度等级达到120km/h,架空刚性悬挂弓网系统因共振导致受流质量下降的运行区段时有出现,因而架空刚性接触网系统跨距值的设计选用变得相当重要。结合架空刚性接触网模态分析、弓网动态接触压力频谱分析,阐述了设计时速120 km线路架空刚性悬挂接触网跨距选择为8 m的依据。     

Dynamic simulation of railway vehicles: wheel/rail contact analysis

The multibody simulation of railway vehicle dynamics needs a reliable and efficient method to evaluate the contact points between wheel and rail, because their positions have a considerable influence on the direction and intensity of the contact forces. In this work, an innovative semi-analytic procedure for the detection of the wheel/rail contact points (named the DIFF method) is presented. This method considers the wheel and the rail as two surfaces whose analytic expressions are known and is based on the idea that in the contact points the difference between the surfaces has local minima and is equivalent to solving an algebraic two-dimensional system. The original problem can be reduced analytically to a simple scalar equation that can be easily solved numerically (since the problem dimension is one, even elementary non-iterative algorithms can be efficient).     

接触网刚性悬挂施工工艺

接触网刚性悬挂广泛应用于城市地铁及电气化铁路隧道中，具有载流量大、安全可靠及维修工作量小等特点。笔者根据焦柳铁路石怀线刚性悬挂施工经验，按施工测量、隧道内打孔灌注、支持装置安装调试、汇流排安装、汇流排接触导线架设及膨胀接头安装等6个方面，详细介绍刚性悬挂的施工工艺。     

既有线200km/h提速改造接触网技术要点

对既有线双箱条件下200 km/h电气化提速改造的接触网主要技术重点和相关概念进行了详细描述和定义,对新建工程及既有设备改造的接触网技术要求作了较详尽的论述,同时对优化受电弓国家标准、工程管理增加系统试验、调试和联调环节给出了合理化建议.     

A third-order approximation method for three-dimensional wheel–rail contact

Multibody train analysis is used increasingly by railway operators whenever a reliable and time-efficient method to evaluate the contact between wheel and rail is needed; particularly, the wheel–rail contact is one of the most important aspects that affects a reliable and time-efficient vehicle dynamics computation. The focus of the approach proposed here is to carry out such tasks by means of online wheel–rail elastic contact detection. In order to improve efficiency and save time, a main analytical approach is used for the definition of wheel and rail surfaces as well as for contact detection, then a final numerical evaluation is used to locate contact. The final numerical procedure consists in finding the zeros of a nonlinear function in a single variable. The overall method is based on the approximation of the wheel surface, which does not influence the contact location significantly, as shown in the paper.