Distance-dependent congestion pricing for downtown zones

A growing literature exploits macroscopic theories of traffic to model congestion pricing policies in downtown zones. This study introduces trip length heterogeneity into this analysis and proposes a usage-based, time-varying congestion toll that alleviates congestion while prioritizing shorter trips. Unlike conventional trip-based tolls the scheme is intended to align the fees paid by drivers with the actual congestion damage they do, and to increase the toll’s benefits as a result.The scheme is intended to maximize the number of people that finish their trips close to their desired times. The usage-based toll is compared to a traditional, trip-based toll which neglects trip length. It is found that, like trip-based tolls, properly designed usage-based tolls alleviate congestion. But they reduce schedule delay more than trip-based tolls and do so with much smaller user fees. As a result usage-based tolls leave most of those who pay with a large welfare gain. This may increase the tolls’ political acceptability.     

基于元胞自动机的轨道交通突发客流拥堵消散演化机理研究

为保证城市轨道交通运输系统在突发客流条件下能够安全高效运营，本文基于元胞自动机建立城市轨道交通突发客流拥堵传播模型.分析突发客流量拥堵传播过程，采用状态参数集反映车站拥挤程度的多样化差异，定义更为准确合理的客流量元胞自动机演化规则.以成都市轨道交通部分线网为例，仿真设置不同量值的突发客流，研究线网客流状态的演化规律.结果表明，随着突发客流量增加，客流状态从区域拥堵演化至线拥堵的速度减缓，从线拥堵演化至点拥堵的速度保持不变或略有加快.此外，大量突发客流会引起拥堵消散速度的减缓，造成更大时空范围的区域性拥堵.     

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从20世纪90年代起，原属交通工程学科中的交通流问题因其特有的复杂性得到了各个学科领域的学者的重视，这同时也使得许多交通科学家、数学家、物理学家和经济学家纷纷加入到交通流理论的研究中来.本文介绍了国际上交通流理论的新发现和新进展，如同步流，交通相变和三相交通流理论，并分析对比了各国不同学者理论之间各自的差异.其中最有影响力的就是德国学者Dirk Helbing 和 Boris S Kerner；本文中特别讨论了他们两者各自的观点，及其主要分歧所在.     

缓解城市交通拥挤的几点对策

针对日益突出的城市交通问题．从交通管制方面提出缓解城市交通拥挤的对策，提倡采用公交车优先通行、出租车合乘及分散高峰期的方法，具有重要的现实意义。     

城市交叉口治堵设计方案分析

以海口市龙昆南路-城西路交叉口为例,结合海口市实际交通发展情况,对该交叉口进行交通现状分析.提出了硬化安全岛、增设进口道、左转中置、优化相位配时等交通治堵设计方案,并借助交通仿真软件Synchro,对设计方案的合理性和可行性进行了论证.     

浅谈北环立交改造总体方案研究

北环立交为内环快速与渝武高速相交节点,立交形式为标准的高速公路全苜蓿叶型立交,已营运多年,立交通行能力已不满足现有交通量的需求,拥堵现象突出.改造总体思路为按照城市道路标准提升主线通行能力,消除全苜蓿叶型立交的交织问题,结合主要交通流向新建定向匝道,提高立交的整体通行能力和运行效率,缓解交通拥堵问题.     

Characterization and evolution of spatial density patterns in urban areas

This paper examines the spatial patterns of population density, household automobile ownership and other socio-demographic variables that affect urban travel, as a function of distance from the central city core. Spatial density functions provide a useful characterization of urban structure, and of its evolution when taken at different time intervals. Analysis of the data from four case cities (Austin, Atlanta, Dallas, Phoenix) for 1960, 1970 and 1980 reveals continuing overall dispersion away from the traditional central core, accompanied by the densification of formerly low-density suburbs. This presents implications for high congestion levels in the densifying suburban communities, comparable to those typically associated with the CBD. In addition, the analysis has captured the continuing growth of average household automobile ownership and revealed a distinct spatial pattern that seems to be robust across the case areas considered, as well as within radial corridors in the one case that was so analyzed (Austin).List of symbols Y gross population density in census tractt - X _t distance in miles from the center of tract to the CBD - parameter representing the central business district density - y density gradient parameter - X₀, X₁, X2, and X3 locations of the knots in a three segment division of the x-axis - D_i dummy variable defined for thei-th segment - ₁ normally distributed disturbance term,a _i,b _i,c _i,d _i,i = 1, 2, 3 — parameters to be estimated - A _t area of census tractt     

城市轨道交通车站局部空间拥堵风险等级评价方法研究

合理地评估城市轨道交通车站内客流拥堵风险,对车站运营安全管理具有重要意义。基于现有的服务水平等级标准,结合密度分布、速度分布和客流流线提出拥挤区域的判别方法,引入指定密度、持续时间等时间维度的指标,提出基于时空维度的客流拥堵风险等级评价方法,通过风险概率值对车站内可能的拥挤区域进行动态识别。以广州地铁杨箕换乘枢纽站为例进行仿真建模,结果表明,优化后拥堵风险降低,服务水平提高,验证了上述方法的可靠性和实用性。     

基于时空拥挤度的地铁拥挤踩踏事故实时监测预警系统

为了有效避免地铁车站突发大客流造成的人员拥挤、踩踏等事故的发生,以时空拥挤度为理论支撑,以BIM(建筑信息模型)与RFID(无线射频识别)为技术支撑,设计地铁拥挤踩踏事故实时监测预警系统的架构、功能和工作流程,并提出其面临的挑战和研究建议。结果表明,该系统可实现对客流的实时准确监测和统计,实现参数化、可视化地反映人群聚集和运动状态,以及实现智能预警,有利于提高地铁管理层的安全管理水平。     

对近城风景名胜区实施交通需求管理的探讨

近年来,随着城市化进程的推进和机动化交通的飞速发展,旅游交通与城市交通的矛盾成为近城风景名胜区面临的重要问题,对风景名胜区实施交通需求管理已经成为必要和可能的手段.通过对比分析,提出近城风景区交通需求管理的对象为旅游交通和城市过境交通,分析了其特点,并在此基础上提出适用于近城风景名胜区的交通需求管理措施.最后,以拥挤收费为例进行公平性分析.