大城市交通拥堵致因的故障树分析

为解决拥堵问题,提出将故障树分析法引入道路交通拥堵中。对道路拥堵故障树进行了相关说明,以北京丰台区广安路为例,构建道路拥堵的故障树模型,分析引起拥堵的所有可能原因,并通过定性和定量分析找出了主要拥堵原因,给出了解决道路拥堵的方案。     

Is road pricing effective in abating pollution? Evidence from Milan

We estimate the effect of a road pricing policy introduced in Milan in 2008 on concentrations of benzene, carbon monoxide, particulates, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. We found a sizeable effect of the Ecopass on air quality in terms of reduction in the concentration of carbon monoxide and particulates a few days after its introduction, although this effect disappeared after only one week. We interpret these results as indicative of an inefficient policy design: motorbikes were not charged and the treated area is too limited to generate positive outcomes for the whole city. Further evidence from a natural experiment given by a temporary suspension of the charge in 2012 confirms our hypothesis on the incentives for motorbike usage.     

道路拥挤定价下的公交收费模型研究

为了在执行道路拥挤定价政策的前提下制定公共交通的收费标准，提出可行的定价模型，根据交通行为科学的有关理论和方法，采用了两层规划技术建立了道路拥挤定价下的公交收费模型，上层规划为交通系统优化，下层规划为拥挤定价下的路网随机平衡问题。以广州市为研究对象，计算了拥挤定价下广州市公交线网的最优价格体系。研究结果表明：所提出的模型能够描述出行者和交通管理部门分别在出行和交通管理中的决策行为，较好地解释了用户平衡、路段路径流量和阻抗、交通需求、拥挤费、公交票价、出行成本等相互之间的逻辑关系。     

城市快速路拥挤度判别方法研究

当前城市交通需求的大幅增长导致快速路的交通拥挤和交通堵塞现象普遍发生，对城市快速路的道路拥堵的服务质量的评价，传统的A～F级服务水平的评价标准显得粗糙。提出了与交通流三参数有关的拥挤度系数的概念，并针对快速路的实际状况，运用模糊数学中的综合评价方法，对城市快速路拥挤度进行判别。城市快速路拥挤度判别实例，通过拥挤度判别和服务水平判别的比较，说明了拥挤度判别的优越性。     

Network effects of intelligent speed adaptation systems

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) systems use in-vehicle electronic devices to enable the speed of vehicles to be regulated automatically. They are increasingly appreciated as a flexible method for speed management and control particularly in urban areas. On-road trials using a small numbers of ISA equipped vehicles have been carried out in Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. This paper describes the developments made to enhance a traffic microsimulation model in order to represent ISA implemented across a network and the impact of this on the networks. The simulation modelling of the control system is carried out on a real-world urban network, and the impacts on traffic congestion, speed distribution and the environment assessed. The results show that ISA systems are more effective in less congested traffic conditions. Momentary high speeds in traffic are effectively suppressed, resulting in a reduction in speed variation which is likely to have a beneficial impact on safety. Whilst ISA reduces excessive traffic speeds in the network, it does not affect average journey times. In particular, the total vehicle-hours travelling at speeds below 10 km/hr have not changed, indicating that the speed control had not induced more slow-moving queues to the network. A statistically significant, eight percent, reduction in fuel consumption was found with full ISA penetration. These results are in accordance with those from field trials and they provide the basis for cost-benefit analyses on introducing ISA into the vehicle fleet. However, contrary to earlier findings from the Swedish ISA road trials, this study suggested that ISA is likely to have no significant effect on emission of gaseous pollutants CO, NO_x and HC.     

Road Pricing models with maintenance cost

According to the Federal Highway Administration of the United States, maintenance expenditure takes up more than 25% of road revenue disbursement and this percentage has been increasing gradually. The reason for the increment in maintenance cost is that there lacks incentives for road users to take this cost component into their driving behavior. That is, different classes of vehicles should be levied different levels of congestion tax due to the different degrees of damage on the highway if a road pricing policy is implemented. This paper intends to incorporate this concept into road pricing literature by introducing two types of vehicles. After the analysis of the problem, we find that different types of vehicles should be charged different tolls. The toll includes not only the travel delay cost of one's own vehicle and the other types of vehicles, but also the marginal maintenance cost that is dependent on the traffic flow. A set of numerical examples is provided to demonstrate the theoretical analyses. The result shows that both the welfare and cost coverage rate will increase when the road pricing mechanism takes the maintenance cost factor into account.     

The analysis of regulation on private highway investment under a build-operate-transfer scheme

The build-operate-transfer (BOT) approach has become an attractive instrument for public facility provision, especially for a project that faces difficulty with public finance. This study analyzes the regulation alternatives on private highway investment under a BOT scheme and their impacts on traffic flows, travel costs, toll, capacity, and social welfare (total user-benefit in the traffic system including congestion). For comparison, five cases are analyzed: (1) No BOT with maximizing welfare, (2) No BOT with breaking even on finance, (3) BOT without regulation, (4) BOT with a minimum flow constraint (the total users will not be less than those in Case 1), and (5) BOT with a maximum travel cost constraint (the travel cost for users on a non-tolled road will not exceed the maximum tolerance). After each case is modeled and simulated on some functional forms, we find that the case of BOT with regulations performs between the cases of maximizing welfare and that of maximizing profit. From the perspective of the government, regulation has less power in a project with low elastic demand. Furthermore, even when the regulation is strict, a high cost-efficient firm with BOT could result in a higher level of social welfare than that without a BOT scheme.     

变权综合理论在单向交通规划方案评价中的应用

选取了单向交通规划方案综合评价的评价指标,利用层次分析法建立了其评价指标体系,运用变权综合理论对5种单向交通规划方案进行了综合评价.     

UHF RFID在高速公路通行费拆分中的应用

文章针对当前通行费拆分方法存在的问题,提出了基于超高频无源RFID技术的高速公路通行费拆分方法,阐述了该方法的应用模式及流程,并从技术和政策角度论证了该方法应用的可行性。     

基于vissim的潮汐车道可行性的量化分析

为了缓解职住分离带来的潮汐式的交通拥堵,本文首先分析阐述了潮汐车道应用与发展情况,通过其在一二线城市应用的成功经验,论证了其在三四线城市应用的必要性。以昭君路为例,对其进行实地交通调查,提出了应用于昭君路的潮汐车道设置方案,基于vissim对其进行路段仿真,选取平均每车延误和平均排队长度为评价指标,以仿真结果对其进行可行性的量化分析,由此论证了潮汐车道的可行性。