Introducing congestion pricing on a new toll road

This paper proposes a demonstration project to test the effectiveness of congestion pricing in an urban area. It reviews the general theoretical case for such pricing and summarizes recent international interest in congestion pricing. Next, it sets forth the reasons why demonstration projects are needed, both to add to our knowledge about how effective congestion pricing may prove to be, and to address political and other public-acceptance barriers to implementation of the concept. The paper then defines a specific proposed test site for congestion pricing: a new toll road being planned for Orange County, California. It is proposed that instead of charging flat-rate tolls, the transportation agency could charge peak and off-peak tolls, increasing the level of the peak charge each year over a period of up to 10 years unless or until toll revenues decline below the levels forecast under the flat-rate toll alternative. Measurements of traffic flow and ride-sharing behavior would be made, as well as calculations of emission-reduction effects. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of marketing and political considerations involved in conducting such a demonstration.Abbreviations ARB Air Resources Board - AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification - CDMG Corridor Design Management Group - HOV High-occupancy vehicle - SJHTC San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor - TCA Transportation Corridor Agency - VMT Vehicle miles traveled     

Mathematical characterization of spatiotemporal congested traffic patterns: mixed speed data analysis in the greater Toronto and Hamilton area,Canada

This paper formulates a comprehensive methodology for analyzing, quantifying and identifying congestion characteristics based on speed distribution. Utilizing vehicle speed data, a mathematical approach is applied, in order to characterize roadway segments, in terms of travel reliability, congestion severity and duration. We argue that the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and its parameter combination is the appropriate tool if we are to obtain quantitative congestion measures and rank roadway performance. A significant contribution of our approach is that it is based on assumptions regarding mixed components as well as speed distribution and can be applied to large databases. We test our framework on the greater Toronto and Hamilton area in Ontario, Canada, and conclude that congestion quantification through the application of the GMM can be successfully accomplished. Results indicate that speed patterns differ significantly between counties as well as days of the week.     

基于GIS的公交网络配流新方法

分析了传统公交网络配流中忽视公交行驶时间与路段流量的微关联性及公交车的容量限制等方面存在的弊端,提出了用拥挤函数概念描述出行阻抗与流量的关系。结合公交出行时间链对公交网络阻抗进行了系统化研究,建立了基于站点的多路径-容量限制的概率分配模型,并提出了在配流过程中的具体方法和步骤,同时将配流方法与GIS技术相结合进行公交网络配流分析。应用结果表明该方法预测结果与实测值基本吻合,具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

Method Research on Measuring the External Costs of Urban Traffic Congestion

A main reason for congestion pricing is the external cost of congestion. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the external costs that the urban traffic congestion brings are the basis of congestion pricing. First, this paper analyzes the production mechanism of urban traffic congestion: travelers overlook the negative externality of urban traffic congestion and then join the congested queues. Then, the external costs of traffic congestion are divided into four parts: extra travel time costs, environmental pollution costs, traffic accident costs, and fuel consumption costs. Consequently, an intensive study on the quantitative measurements for those four external costs is made. Also, a sample case is introduced to prove the feasibility of this method. It supplies a base for the implement of urban road congestion pricing and other travel demand management strategies.     

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拥堵收费被认为是解决城市中心区交通拥堵的有效途径之一。本文在综合分析国外城市经验和相关研究的基础上，提出定性和定量两种方法对城市中心区拥堵收费进行评价。定性分析中，分别从出行者、收费管理者以及全社会三个视角出发，提出中心区拥堵收费的定性评价体系。定量分析中，建立了非集计网络平衡模型，并利用EMME/2对远景厦门岛跨海大桥的收费方案进行评价，说明了模型的使用方法。采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法，将为进行城市中心区拥堵收费评价建立科学的基础。     

Will a higher free-flow speed lead us to a less congested freeway?

An approach based on cell transmission model (CTM) is proposed to estimate the impact of variable free-flow speeds (FFS) on the performance of a freeway system. Based on the basic CTM, four typical freeway control strategies consisting of non control, local ramp metering, coordinated ramp metering and global control are first formulated. Then the method of adjusting model parameters to the changed free-flow speeds is presented. Among the adjustments, an experimental function based on Fan and Seibold (2014) is proposed to change the jam density. Several useful measures are defined to estimate and compare the performances of different freeways. The following three main observations are obtained from numerical experiments. (a) With the gradually increasing FFS, the throughput of freeway will increase at the beginning and then change to decrease. (b) With the increasing FFS, the average delay of vehicles will decrease at the beginning and then change to increase. (c) A series of free-flow speeds associate with the best performance of freeway. These observations are theoretically analyzed through investigating the location and capacity of bottleneck. Study shows that in general the actual bottleneck capacity will increase at the beginning and then change to decrease with the continually increasing FFS. In view of the positive correlation between traffic delay and bottleneck capacity, the theoretical analysis confirms the numerical observations. The findings of this study can deepen the understanding of freeway systems and help management agents adopt proper measures to improve the performance of the whole system.     

立体道路的探讨与研究--解决城市拥堵问题之新途径

当前，交通堵塞、停车困难已是一个非常普遍的现象。以一条宽50 m的8车道的城市道路为例，通过建立立体道路模型，阐述其构造和运行原理，对其改造前后的通行能力进行计算对比，分析其功效和应用前景，探索解决城市拥堵问题之新途径。     

立体道路的探讨与研究——解决城市拥堵问题之新途径

当前,交通堵塞、停车困难已是一个非常普遍的现象。以一条宽50 m的8车道的城市道路为例,通过建立立体道路模型,阐述其构造和运行原理,对其改造前后的通行能力进行计算对比,分析其功效和应用前景,探索解决城市拥堵问题之新途径。     

快速系统工程施工期间交通疏解设计与分析

为了缓解主城区的交通拥堵,昆明市启动了史上影响范围最广的二环快速系统工程的施工,全环相继施工无疑对主城区本来已经饱和的交通带来极大的负面影响,施工期间如何进行交通疏解显得十分重要。文章对施工期间交通疏解方案的设计及实施全过程进行了介绍,并总结了交通疏解相关的经验和教训,以期对类似工程起到一定的借鉴和启发作用。     

主动式拥塞控制机制浅析

分析了Internet上出现拥塞的基本原因,对比了已有的被动式路由器队列管理机制和新兴的主动式队列(AQM)管理方法的主要优缺点,叙述了AQM的指导算法"早期随机检测算法(RED)",自适应控制在RED算法中的应用,提出了存在的问题和研究思路.