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281.
We present a reformulation of the residential location submodel of the Integrated Model of Residential and Employment Location as a network equilibrium problem, thereby making travel costs by auto endogenous. The location of housing supply is examined as a welfare maximization problem for both user-optimal and system-optimal travel costs using concepts of bilevel programming. Finally, we briefly discuss how the employment submodel can be reformulated, and the entire model solved as a variational inequality problem.  相似文献   
282.
随着城市的不断发展,机动车保有量极速增长,兰州城市交通拥堵在时间和空间范围上不断扩张,高峰期主要道路都处于高饱和运行状态,由交通拥堵而直接引发的环境、能耗、安全等诸多问题,也对城市经济的持续、快速、健康发展构成了一定的威胁。现通过对现状交通路网的分析与研判,提出按照“内联外拓、快捷优化、系统整合、整体提升”的总体思路、“纵横并重、先纵后横、保通兼畅、交通成网”的总体原则,疏通城区道路网和联通对外瓶颈公路网,加快构建“人便于行、车畅其流、便捷高效”的兰州市道路网,实现城市内外路网合理对接、高效衔接,全面提升道路交通对大兰州都市经济圈、兰白经济区经济社会发展的支撑和引领能力。其研究思路可供同类城市的交通规划提供一定的参考。  相似文献   
283.
从外部性入手,引出了城市交通外部成本的产生机理。并对城市交通中的交通拥挤、空气污染、交通事故这3方面产生的外部成本进行分析,提出了将交通拥挤、空气污染产生的外部成本内部化的方法。并运用算例进行分析,计算结果表明该方法在道路使用者承受能力的前提下是简单易行的。  相似文献   
284.
���ʣ����������µĵ�·ӵ���շ��о�   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
在社会剩余最大化情况下,城市道路网络中各个路段的拥挤费用等于相应的社会边际费用,道路拥挤收费可以抵消交通拥挤产生的外部不经济性,拥挤费用等于社会边际费用与用户边际费用的差额。通过拥挤收费使得社会剩余达到最大,同时导致用户剩余的损失,并衍生社会公平性问题。  相似文献   
285.
The existing slot allocation mechanism, based on the International Air Transport Association (IATA) system and its complementary version of the European Union (EU) regulation, produces rather poor capacity allocation outcomes for congested EU airports since it fails to properly match slots requested with slots allocated to airlines. Inefficiencies during the initial allocation are mainly due to the problem complexity in conjunction to limited decision support available to slot coordinators. On the other hand, substantial inefficiencies give rise to severe slot misuse and unreasonably low utilisation of airport resources running already into scarcity. The objective of this paper is to develop an optimisation-based model implementing the existing EU/IATA rules, operational constraints, and coordination procedures with the ultimate objective to better accommodate airlines’ preferences at coordinated airports through the minimisation of the difference between the requested and the allocated slot times to airlines. The results of the model are assessed and compared vis-à-vis the allocation outcome produced according to current slot coordination practice in three regional Greek airports. The proposed model produces very promising results and demonstrates that there is large room for improvement of the efficiency of the current allocation outcome in a range between 14% and 95%. The discussion of the model results is complemented by a sensitivity analysis highlighting the importance of declared capacity and the magnitude of its influence on slot allocation efficiency.  相似文献   
286.
This paper investigates the impact of cordon-based congestion pricing scheme on the mode-split of a bimodal transportation network with auto and rail travel modes. For any given toll-charge pattern, its impact on the mode-split can be estimated by solving a combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem. Using a binary logit model for the mode-split, the combined problem is converted into a traffic-assignment problem with elastic demand. Probit-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) principle is adopted for this traffic-assignment problem, and a continuously distributed value of time (VOT) is assumed to convert the toll charges and transit fares into time-units. This combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem is then formulated as a fixed-point model, which can be solved by a convergent Cost Averaging method. The combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem is then used to analyze a multimodal toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing scheme, with the aim of increasing the mode-share of public transport system to a targeted level. Taking the fixed-point model as a constraint, the multimodal toll design problem is thus formulated as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) model. A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to solve this MPEC model, which is then numerical validated by a network example.  相似文献   
287.
As a countermeasure to urban traffic congestion, alternate traffic restriction (ATR) involves a certain proportion of automobiles being prohibited from entering pre-determined ATR districts during specific time periods. The present study introduces an optimization method for ATR schemes in terms of both their restriction districts and the proportion of restricted automobiles. As a Stackelberg game between traffic policy makers and road users, the ATR scheme optimization problem is established using a bi-level programming model, with the upper-level examining an ATR scheme aimed at consumers’ surplus maximization under the condition of overload flow minimization, and the lower-level synthetically optimizing elastic demand, mode choice (private car, public transit and park-and-ride) and multi-class user equilibrium assignment. A genetic algorithm based on the graph theory is also proposed to solve the bi-level programming model with a gradient project algorithm for solving the lower-level model. To our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to theoretically optimize an ATR scheme using a systematic approach with mathematical model specification.  相似文献   
288.
Estimation of congestion costs, presumed to be one of the largest external costs of automobile travel, is typically based on a single value of time delay for motorists in metropolitan areas. However, the estimation may be wrong if the profiles of motorists are different at different times of day. This study uses a survival model to examine the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of motorists at different times of day at congested locations in southern California, by using on-road remote-sensing measurements and license plates images obtained in 2007 and 2008 by the California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). More than 80,000 vehicles were observed from fifteen selected study sites over fifteen days. Their plates, through anonymized registration records, revealed addresses at the census block group level, which have homogenous profiles by construction. Motorists’ profiles at different times of day display large variation, however, according to extended Cox model with a non-parametric baseline hazard, which is used to accommodate both the time-invariant and time-varying effects of the covariates. This study thus proposes a new approach to examine heterogeneity among motorists.  相似文献   
289.
This paper analyzes the efficiency and political acceptability of road pricing and infrastructure policies targeted at relieving urban congestion. It combines a stylized transport model of an urban road network with a model of the political process that incorporates interactions between voters, citizen interest groups and politicians to explore the possibilities to reach political acceptability for efficient transport policies. In a numerical illustration, the paper compares a set of pricing and investment policies in terms of efficiency and acceptability. The illustration shows how conflicting interests can lead to non-efficient policies being chosen.  相似文献   
290.
An approach based on cell transmission model (CTM) is proposed to estimate the impact of variable free-flow speeds (FFS) on the performance of a freeway system. Based on the basic CTM, four typical freeway control strategies consisting of non control, local ramp metering, coordinated ramp metering and global control are first formulated. Then the method of adjusting model parameters to the changed free-flow speeds is presented. Among the adjustments, an experimental function based on Fan and Seibold (2014) is proposed to change the jam density. Several useful measures are defined to estimate and compare the performances of different freeways. The following three main observations are obtained from numerical experiments. (a) With the gradually increasing FFS, the throughput of freeway will increase at the beginning and then change to decrease. (b) With the increasing FFS, the average delay of vehicles will decrease at the beginning and then change to increase. (c) A series of free-flow speeds associate with the best performance of freeway. These observations are theoretically analyzed through investigating the location and capacity of bottleneck. Study shows that in general the actual bottleneck capacity will increase at the beginning and then change to decrease with the continually increasing FFS. In view of the positive correlation between traffic delay and bottleneck capacity, the theoretical analysis confirms the numerical observations. The findings of this study can deepen the understanding of freeway systems and help management agents adopt proper measures to improve the performance of the whole system.  相似文献   
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