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291.
外高桥功能区域是上海市浦东新区六大功能区域之一,也是长江三角洲经济圈主要的集疏运物流中心之一。经过十多年的发展,外高桥功能区域道路网结构有了很大的改善,但目前现状路网仍然存在一些问题,高峰时段道路拥堵严重,影响了地区物流经济的发展。该文通过对地区路网规划和现状的调查,总结了存在的问题,分析了问题发生的原因,并通过研究提出了完善的对策方案。  相似文献   
292.
    
ABSTRACT

Academic research on automated vehicles (AVs) has to date been dominated by the fields of engineering and computer science. Questions of how this potentially transformative technology should be governed remain under-researched and tend to concentrate on governing the technology’s early development. We respond in this paper by exploring the possible longer-term effect of government (lack of) intervention.

The paper tests the hypothesis that a “laissez-faire” governance approach is likely to produce less desirable outcomes in a scenario of mass uptake of AVs than would a well-planned set of government interventions. This is done using two prominent themes in transport policy – traffic flow and accessibility – in a scenario of high market penetration of Level-5 automated vehicles in capitalist market economies. The evidence used is drawn from a literature review and from the findings of a set of workshops with stakeholders.

We suggest that a laissez-faire approach will lead to an increase in traffic volume as a result of a growing population of “drivers” and a probable increase in kilometres driven per passenger. At the same time, the hoped-for increases in network efficiency commonly claimed are not guaranteed to come about without appropriate government intervention. The likely consequence is an increase in congestion. And, with respect to accessibility, it is likely that the benefits of AVs will be enjoyed by wealthier individuals and that the wider impacts of AV use (including sprawl) may lead to a deterioration in accessibility for those who depend on walking, cycling or collective transport.

We consider the range of possible government intervention in five categories: Planning/land-use; Regulation/policy; Infrastructure/technology; Service provision; and Economic instruments. For each category, we set out a series of interventions that might be used by governments (at city, region or state level) to manage congestion or protect accessibility in the AV scenario described. Many of these (e.g. road pricing) are already part of the policy mix but some (e.g. ban empty running of AVs) would be new. We find that all interventions applicable to the management of traffic flow would also be expected to contribute to the management of accessibility; we define a small number of additional interventions aimed at protecting the accessibility of priority groups.

Our general finding is that the adoption of a package of these interventions could be expected to lead to better performance against generic traffic-flow and accessibility objectives than would a laissez-faire approach, though questions of extent of application remain.

In our conclusions, we contrast laissez-faire with both anticipatory governance and “precautionary” governance and acknowledge the political difficulty associated with acting in the context of uncertainty. We point out that AVs do not represent the first emerging technology to offer both opportunities and risks and challenge governments at all levels to acknowledge the extent of their potential influence and, in particular, to examine methodically the options available to them and the potential consequences of pursuing them.  相似文献   
293.
This paper investigates the impact of cordon-based congestion pricing scheme on the mode-split of a bimodal transportation network with auto and rail travel modes. For any given toll-charge pattern, its impact on the mode-split can be estimated by solving a combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem. Using a binary logit model for the mode-split, the combined problem is converted into a traffic-assignment problem with elastic demand. Probit-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) principle is adopted for this traffic-assignment problem, and a continuously distributed value of time (VOT) is assumed to convert the toll charges and transit fares into time-units. This combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem is then formulated as a fixed-point model, which can be solved by a convergent Cost Averaging method. The combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem is then used to analyze a multimodal toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing scheme, with the aim of increasing the mode-share of public transport system to a targeted level. Taking the fixed-point model as a constraint, the multimodal toll design problem is thus formulated as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) model. A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to solve this MPEC model, which is then numerical validated by a network example.  相似文献   
294.
This paper analyzes the efficiency and political acceptability of road pricing and infrastructure policies targeted at relieving urban congestion. It combines a stylized transport model of an urban road network with a model of the political process that incorporates interactions between voters, citizen interest groups and politicians to explore the possibilities to reach political acceptability for efficient transport policies. In a numerical illustration, the paper compares a set of pricing and investment policies in terms of efficiency and acceptability. The illustration shows how conflicting interests can lead to non-efficient policies being chosen.  相似文献   
295.
分析了Internet上出现拥塞的基本原因,对比了已有的被动式路由器队列管理机制和新兴的主动式队列(AQM)管理方法的主要优缺点,叙述了AQM的指导算法\"早期随机检测算法(RED)\",自适应控制在RED算法中的应用,提出了存在的问题和研究思路.  相似文献   
296.
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在社会剩余最大化情况下,城市道路网络中各个路段的拥挤费用等于相应的社会边际费用,道路拥挤收费可以抵消交通拥挤产生的外部不经济性,拥挤费用等于社会边际费用与用户边际费用的差额。通过拥挤收费使得社会剩余达到最大,同时导致用户剩余的损失,并衍生社会公平性问题。  相似文献   
297.
随着城市的不断发展,机动车保有量极速增长,兰州城市交通拥堵在时间和空间范围上不断扩张,高峰期主要道路都处于高饱和运行状态,由交通拥堵而直接引发的环境、能耗、安全等诸多问题,也对城市经济的持续、快速、健康发展构成了一定的威胁。现通过对现状交通路网的分析与研判,提出按照“内联外拓、快捷优化、系统整合、整体提升”的总体思路、“纵横并重、先纵后横、保通兼畅、交通成网”的总体原则,疏通城区道路网和联通对外瓶颈公路网,加快构建“人便于行、车畅其流、便捷高效”的兰州市道路网,实现城市内外路网合理对接、高效衔接,全面提升道路交通对大兰州都市经济圈、兰白经济区经济社会发展的支撑和引领能力。其研究思路可供同类城市的交通规划提供一定的参考。  相似文献   
298.
区域风险和瓶颈拥堵是中欧班列高质量运输组织亟需解决的关键问题。基于粗糙集理论实现运输风险关键影响因素筛选和权重计算,结合实际运输距离构建运输路径风险评价模型;运用排队论理论量化瓶颈场站货物拥堵停留时间,引入货物时间价值理论构建货物全程运输时间成本模型。以此为基础,提出综合成本最小和运输风险最小的中欧班列多目标路径优化模型。同时,基于A-NSGA-III(自适应第三代非支配排序遗传算法)设计优化算法进行求解。以“长沙—柏林”为例探究分品类货物的路径选择优化结果,并仿真分析区域风险递增对路径选择的影响。研究结果显示,铁路是分品类货物在大多数路段的首选运输方式;长沙发运的货物在西安或乌鲁木齐集结,并在华沙进行货物分散相较于经重庆和杜伊斯堡集散的传统线路具有更低的综合成本和运输风险。仿真分析表明:随着俄罗斯区域风险的提高,部分货物选择跨里海、黑海通道运输,但即使区域风险提高至1,仍有部分货物会选择过境俄罗斯的运输路线。同时,针对长沙装载的货物而言,注重加强与西安和乌鲁木齐的联系有助于更好地应对过境俄罗斯线路的运输风险。研究成果可为中欧班列经营者路径选择合理决策提供科学依据,对提高中欧班列的运输韧性和运输效能有着重要意义。  相似文献   
299.
以合肥市高新区某区域交通拥堵改善研究着手,通过分析现状道路交通拥堵原因,提出深挖现有路网潜力、加强路面停车管理、优化交通组织结构以及对现状道路进行局部改造等一系列建议,力争在较少的工程投资下最大限度地释放道路通行能力。所提建议对城市道路交通改善研究和改造具有一定借鉴意义。  相似文献   
300.
为研究非点源交通拥塞的影响范围及关键路段识别,引入风险场强理论、区域生长法对烟羽模型进行适应性改进,以确定最大、核心影响范围及识别关键路段. 首先,对非点源交通拥塞的“源-路径-汇”进行界定,以2021年贵阳市的交通调查数据、交通状态数据等为基础,构建非点源交通拥塞的“源”风险场强模型;考虑不同土地利用性质的交通影响力及不同道路等级调整系数并进行标定,建立基于不同“源”风险的最大影响范围识别模型,引入区域生长法建立路段核心区影响范围确定模型;最后,以路段交通量、长度、时间构建交通拥塞路段损伤性评价指数并对交通拥塞程度进行定量化研究,对原有模型、改进模型及实际情况进行对比分析. 结果表明:不同土地利用性质和不同道路等级对路段交通拥塞影响程度不同;改进后的不同“源”风险影响范围识别模型有效性较强,且预测精度提高3.54%,更接近实际情况;考虑区域生长法的路段交通拥塞核心区影响范围准确性更高,与实际情况仅相差2.66%. 综上所述,本研究为城市非点源交通拥塞累积性风险区范围划定和风险关键路径确定提供一种新的思路,对进一步开展不同交通拥塞发生类型的治理提供理论依据.  相似文献   
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