On the semantic scale problem in stated preference rating experiments

Stated preference (SP) rating experiments are easy to design and conduct. Furthermore, they constitute a generalisation of SP choice experiments in terms of the information about preferences that can be achieved. However, its results are sensitive to the numerical values assigned by the analyst to the semantic scale used by individuals to express their preferences. We consider this problem in depth using a variety of statistical techniques, including ordinal probit and a novel optimal scale linear regression approach.     

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在分析高速公路基本属性的基础上，从微观经济学的角度，推导了高速公路的供给曲线和需求曲线的函数关系式，进行高速公路的供需均衡分析，研究了高速公路效益的产生机理，为高速公路建设项目的效益评价和决策提供了理论依据.     

Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a literature review

Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) may contribute to the alleviation of problems such as environmental pollution, global warming and oil dependency. However, the current market penetration of EV is relatively low in spite of many governments implementing strong promotion policies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on consumer preferences for EV, aiming to better inform policy-makers and give direction to further research. First, we compare the economic and psychological approach towards this topic, followed by a conceptual framework of EV preferences which is then implemented to organise our review. We also briefly review the modelling techniques applied in the selected studies. Estimates of consumer preferences for financial, technical, infrastructure and policy attributes are then reviewed. A categorisation of influential factors for consumer preferences into groups such as socio-economic variables, psychological factors, mobility condition, social influence, etc. is then made and their effects are elaborated. Finally, we discuss a research agenda to improve EV consumer preference studies and give recommendations for further research.

Abbreviations: AFV: alternative fuel vehicle; BEV: battery electric vehicle; CVs: conventional vehicles; EVs: electric vehicles; FCV: fuel cell vehicle; HCM: hybrid choice model; HEV: hybrid electric vehicle (non plug-in); HOV: high occupancy vehicle; MNL: MultiNomial logit; MXL: MiXed logit model; PHEV: plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; RP: revealed preference; SP: stated preference.     

公路运价在居民消费价格指数中表征的国内外对比分析

通过对比分析居民消费价格指数,在不同国家交通类指标的指标构成、权重及指数发展变化趋势的基础上,结合我国公路交通发展特点,分析公路运价在居民消费价格指数中表征的合理性,提出在消费价格指数中适时引入二手车和通行费消费种类,以便客观全面地反映交通消费对居民消费价格指数的影响作用。     

模糊偏好条件下多目标群决策的方法

决策环境下更多的状况是偏好模糊的和多目标的。将两种比较复杂的条件转化成简单明晰的决策结果一直是研究的课题,而且这方面的理论尚不完善,在此基础上,研究了模糊偏好条件下一致左阵的性质,证明了模糊一致矩阵与模糊互补矩阵等价的充要条件,并以此作为构造模糊一致矩阵的理论基础,进一步提出了模糊偏好条件下多目标群决策的一种方法,并给出了一个算例。     

运输需求经济分析

在阐述消费者剩余理论的基础上,提出了运输供给的品质与价格应定位在需求方能得到一定利益的前提下,为此建立了运输需求经济成本计量模型,并定性分析了该模型的构成要求对用户经济成本的影响,分析表明,运输价格对供需双方的影响并不对称,不宜以价格为主要因子来分析供需平衡规律,运输对象价值越高,运输过程中消耗对运输经济成本影响越小。     

An investigation into the feasibility of increasing rail use as an alternative to the car

With rail travel largely seen to be a more sustainable method than road-based transport, this paper examines the market segments amongst existing motorists that would be most likely to travel by train in the UK. The analysis is based on a large survey in London and the south-east of England, the area surrounding the routes operated by the train company First Capital Connect. Findings show that train travellers tend to be middle-aged and of a higher social grade, typically taking commuting or business trips. Individuals living within four miles of a station are considerably more likely to travel by rail than those further away. Given the competition from road-based transport, it is of particular interest that the measure highlighted to increase rail use for those living further away from the rail network is to enhance car parking at train stations.     

大用户与发电机组直供电的AGC改进模式探讨

自动发电控制（AGC）作为能量管理系统（EMS）中最重要的控制功能之一,能有效的提高电网互联系统频率质量,提高经济效益和管理水平．但随着我国电力系统市场化体制改革的不断深入和完善,互联系统原先以TBC模式为主的频率控制方式就成了电力市场环境下互联系统区域间交易的壁垒,同时大用户与发电机组的直供电需求也越来越迫切．为了促进大用户直供电运行方式的深入实施,本文从技术上提出一种支持大用户与发电机组间直供电的互联系统AGC改进模式．     

Extending the Scope of Highway Planning: Accessibility,Negative Externalities and the Residential Context

The objectives of this review-based paper were twofold. Firstly, we aimed to explore the need and possibilities for broadening the scope of highway planning by taking account of the residential context, including residential satisfaction. Satisfaction appears to be an interesting, and in our opinion, valuable mediating planning concept between road infrastructure planning and the accompanying external effects on the one hand and household coping strategies on the other. Households living near highway infrastructure are influenced by both positive (i.e. accessibility gains) and negative road-related factors (e.g. noise nuisance and air pollution). Changes in these factors may trigger people to accept the new situation, adjust preferences, try to influence plans and/or even relocate. The second aim was to gain a greater understanding of the influence of both accessibility characteristics and negative externalities on the residential context of households. With respect to context, we make a distinction between residential satisfaction, housing prices and residential relocation. We see changes in residential satisfaction as a potential early predictor of opposition to plans, not only from active opposers but also from the more ‘silent majority’, and as a predictor of housing price changes and residential migration. Insights into residential satisfaction around highways may help transportation planners to relieve locational stress and may also prevent protests and relocations. Our literature review indicated that households prefer to live close to highways to benefit from high regional accessibility, but do not want to contend with the nuisances. This is also reflected in property values. However, the literature appears to put more emphasis on studying the impact of (regional) accessibility and externalities on location behaviour than on residential satisfaction. Because of the added value that the concept of residential satisfaction may provide in road planning, and the limited scientific insights, it is important to gain greater insight into how residential satisfaction is influenced by negative and positive externalities and into how residential satisfaction changes over time—from the stage when new road projects are discussed through to concrete planning, realization and the period after completion. Moreover, it would be worthwhile to gain a deeper understanding of the extent to which house prices, location behaviour and residential satisfaction near highways interrelate.     

The effect of attitudes on reference-dependent preferences: Estimation and validation for the case of alternative-fuel vehicles

Several recent studies in transportation have analysed how choices made by individuals are influenced by attitudes. Other studies have contributed to our understanding of apparently non-rational behaviour by examining how choices may reflect reference-dependent preferences. This paper examines how reference-dependent preferences and attitudes together may explain individual choices. In a modelling framework based on a hybrid choice model allowing for both concepts, we investigate how attitudes and reference-dependent preferences interact and how they affect willingness-to-pay measures and demand elasticities. Using a data set with stated choices among alternative-fuel vehicles, we see that allowing for reference-dependent preferences improves our ability to explain the stated choices in the data and that the attitude (appreciation of car features) explains part of the preference heterogeneity across individuals. The results indicate that individuals have reference-dependent preferences that could be explained by loss aversion and that these are indeed related to an individual’s attitude towards car features. The models are validated using a large hold-out sample. This shows that the inclusion of attitudes improves the models’ ability to explain behaviour in the hold-out sample. While neither reference-dependent preferences nor the attitude affect the average willingness-to-pay measures in our sample, their effect on choice behaviour has implications for policy recommendations as segments with varying attitudes and reference values will act differently when affected by policy instruments related to the demand for alternative-fuel vehicles, e.g. subsidies.