Mathematical model for optimising the sequence for clearing snow from the manoeuvring area during winter operations

This article considers the optimisation of the sequence for clearing snow from stretches of the manoeuvring area of an airport. This issue involves the optimisation of limited resources to remove snow from taxiways and runways thereby leaving them in an acceptable condition for operating aircraft. The airfield is divided into subsets of significant stretches for the purpose of operations and target times are established during which these are open to aircraft traffic. The document contains several mathematical models each with different functions, such as the end time of the process, the sum of the end times of each stretch and gap between the estimated and the real end times. During this process, we introduce different operating restrictions on partial fulfilment of the operational targets as applied to zones of special interest, or relating to the operation of the snow‐clearing machines. The problem is solved by optimisation based on linear programming. The article gives the results of the computational tests carried out on five distinct models of the manoeuvring area, which cover increasingly complex situations and larger areas. The mathematical model is particularised for the case of the manoeuvring area of Adolfo Suarez Madrid—Barajas Airport. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Highlights
• Optimal sequence for clearing snow from the manoeuvring area of an airport.
• Contains optimising algorithms solved using CPLEX LP‐based tree search.
• Restrictions on partial fulfilment of operational targets applied to subsets of significant stretches, used for planning the operation of snow‐clearing machines.
• Model applied to the case of the manoeuvring area of Adolfo Suárez Madrid Barajas Airport.
• Conclusions are given on the results of the computational tests carried out. There are five models of the manoeuvring area which cover increasingly complex situations and larger areas.

     

Transport of radionuclides by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads

A transport assessment of particle-bound and dissolved artificial radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu) by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads close to the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites is presented in this study. We both performed a “best estimate” based on available data, and a “maximum assessment” relying on simulated constant releases of 1 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu from individual dumping bays. The estimates are based on a combination of (i) the content of particulate matter in sea-ice; (ii) analytical data and numerical simulations of radionuclide concentrations in shelf surface deposits, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and the dissolved phase; and (iii) estimates of lead-ice and dense-water formation rates as well as modeling results of local ice drift pathways. In the “best estimate” case, 2.90 GBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.51 GBq ^239,240Pu attached to sea-ice sediments can be exported from the lead areas toward the central Arctic basin. The radionuclide burden of the annually formed dense lead water in the “best estimate” amounts to 4.68 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.014 TBq ^239,240Pu. In the “maximum assessment”, potential export-rates of ice-particle bound ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu toward the central Arctic would amount to 0.64 and 0.16 TBq, respectively. As much as ≈900 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ≈6.75 TBq ^239,240Pu could be annually taken up by 34.75 dense-water rejected in the lead area. Assuming the (unlikely) instantaneous release of the total ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu inventories (≈1 PBq and 10 TBq, respectively) from the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites into the dissolved phase, the dense lead water locally formed during one winter season could take up ≈90% of the Cs and ≈68% of the Pu released.     

基于多变量决策树的网络故障诊断方法研究

在网络故障诊断系统中,可以用粗糙集理论约简网络信息M IB变量,从而求出最有利于分类的变量集合。提出了首先约简信息表,并构造多变量决策树,提取相应的决策规则,判断网络故障类型的方法。决策树构造方法简单,提取出来的规则以决策树形式表示,规则易于理解,网络故障诊断效率较高。     

油轮货油温度自动采集系统设计

货油的密度和体积随其温度的变化而变化,货油温度是货油计量的关键参数,货油温度的测量精度直接影响货油的计量结果。基于PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)数字化货油温度自动采集系统能随时提供各测量点的温度检测值,为货油计量及时提供了修正数据;并具有控制性能好、界面友好、可靠性和温度测量精度高等优点;解决了人工测量货油温度劳动强度大、效率低和精度差等问题,能提高货油计量的准确率。     

岷江流域水资源安全及适应对策

随着经济和社会的发展,水资源安全问题日益突出,尤其是水资源短缺、水污染加重以及与水相关的生态环境恶化已经成为中国首要解决的问题之一.本文以岷江流域为例,从水资源的水量、水质及其生态环境安全等方面,探讨流域水资源安全问题.研究表明,随着人类活动和社会经济发展的影响,岷江流域水资源安全及其生态环境受到威胁,表现为:①水量减少.岷江流量明显减少,70~80年代与30~40年代相比,年均径流量减少9.5%,地下水资源量减少,地下水位降低10m左右.洪旱灾害更加频繁.②岷江水污染呈加重趋势.岷江高场站的综合污染指数由1996年的0.21增加为2000年的0.34,水质级别由“较清洁”变为“轻污染”.③生态环境恶化.岷江上游森林面积减少和干旱河谷扩大,水土流失也有加剧的趋势.针对这些变化,要保障流域水资源及其生态环境安全有必要采取下列对策:即必须树立可持续利用的观念;以水资源承载能力为前提,推进水利和经济的协调发展;建立水资源保护区,防治水污染.     

发动机排气热量测量方法比较研究

介绍了目前常用的排气热量测量方法,即直接测量法和间接测量法;通过测量WD615柴油机排气热量,对两种方法进行比较研究。试验结果表明,在试验条件有限时,采用直接测量法可以得到相对更好的结果。     

钢筋混凝土梁粘钢加固材料最大用量理论与试验研究

粘贴加固所需要的材料用量有一个限值,超过这个限值其粘贴加固所用的材料并不能够得到充分利用.在2004年发表的有关文献中,通过对钢筋混凝土受弯构件粘贴加固时加固材料的最大用量进行了理论研究,推导了相应公式,给出了有关图表.现通过对4根粘钢加固钢筋混凝土梁和2根对比梁的破坏试验,验证了有关文献中提出的加固材料最大利用量的计算公式的正确性.并且在试验基础上,对于加固试件的承载力和有效的加固方案进行了具体的分析.     

船闸闸室钢板保护工程中的监控措施和对策

该文以杨思船闸闸室钢板保护工程的施工质量控制措施和对策为例 ,叙述各项紧固技术的应用特点及控制要点。     

重交通沥青路面水泥稳定碎石基层超厚压实施工与质量控制

通过优化施工工艺,改进施工设备,将常规的路面基层分层铺筑变为一层铺筑,成功的实施了重交通量下沥青路面快速施工,提高了施工工效,提高了路面的整体强度.解决了沥青路面基层上、下基层分开施工耗费大、工期长,常规施工易产生基层干缩裂缝;半刚性路面上、下基层整体性差与沥青面层结合不好、抗剪力差、行车易使沥青面层推移变形等技术难题.工期缩短了30%,经济及社会效益十分显著.     

粉煤灰砼的配合比设计

提出了应用火山灰效应数值分析的方法确定粉煤灰在砼中的合理掺量及超量系数的方法,定量解决粉煤灰与水泥适配性的问题,对掺粉煤灰砼的配合比设计具有实用的指导意义.