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121.
张炜 《城市道桥与防洪》2011,(9):189-190,328
项目立项后对项目造价的控制的关键在于设计阶段。该文先介绍了一些设计阶段造价控制存在的不足,而后提出了关于加强设计阶段工程造价控制的一些想法。  相似文献   
122.
Microeconomic optimisation of scheduled public transport operations has traditionally focused on finding optimal values for the frequency of service, capacity of vehicles, number of lines and distance between stops. In addition, however, there exist other elements in the system that present a trade-off between the interests of users and operators that have not received attention in the literature, such as the optimal selection of a fare payment system and a designed running speed (i.e., the cruising speed that buses maintain in between two consecutive stops). Alternative fare payment methods (e.g., on-board and off-board, payment by cash, magnetic strip or smart card) have different boarding times and capital costs, with the more efficient systems such as a contactless smart card imposing higher amounts of capital investment. Based on empirical data from several Bus Rapid Transit systems around the world, we also find that there is a positive relationship between infrastructure cost per kilometre and commercial speed (including stops), achieved by the buses, which we further postulate as a linear relationship between infrastructure investment and running speed. Given this context, we develop a microeconomic model for the operation of a bus corridor that minimises total cost (users and operator) and has five decision variables: frequency, capacity of vehicles, station spacing, fare payment system and running speed, thus extending the traditional framework. Congestion, induced by bus frequency, plays an important role in the design of the system, as queues develop behind high demand bus stops when the frequency is high. We show that (i) an off-board fare payment system is the most cost effective in the majority of circumstances; (ii) bus congestion results in decreased frequency while fare and bus capacity increase, and (iii) the optimal running speed grows with the logarithm of demand.  相似文献   
123.
Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers2 in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,3 taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.  相似文献   
124.
This article presents a route choice model for public transit networks that incorporates variables related to network topology, complementing those found in traditional models based on service levels (travel time, cost, transfers, etc.) and users’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (income level, trip purpose, etc.). The topological variables represent concepts such as the directness of the chosen route and user knowledge of the network. For both of these factors, the necessary data is endogenous to the modelling process and can be quantified without the need for information-gathering beyond what is normally required for building route choice models. Other novel variables in the proposed formulation capture notions of user comfort such as vehicle occupancy rates and certain physical characteristics of network stations. We conclude that these new variables significantly improve the explanatory and predictive ability of existing route choice specifications.  相似文献   
125.
研究在一个简单供应链中的生产批量和配送计划问题。解决在供应链中减少单位时间库存、设备和运输的平均成本生产批量及运送计划。假设所有影响因素如产品需求率都已限定在有限的计划范围内,利用模拟退火算法具有的较强局部搜索能力特性弥补传统算法的不足,计算结果表明SA算法能够找到问题的最优解或近似最优解,是解决该问题的有效方法。  相似文献   
126.
甩挂运输具体应用分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
甩挂运输是一种经济、环保、高效的运输方式,早已被西方发达国家广泛应用于生产实践中,但其在我国的发展却一直举步维艰.依托国家促进甩挂运输发展的各项政策措施,结合某快递企业目前现有的运输资源与运输设备,以其在粤闽干线的甩挂运输应用分析以及二级中转站的设置为例,进而证实甩挂运输在节能减排方面的优越性.本文从固定成本、变动成本...  相似文献   
127.
针对目前对航班延误成本没有一个很明确的测算方法,通过研究国内航空公司的管理运行模式,作者重新划分了航空公司的延误成本结构,并据此提出了一种新的测算航班延误成本分析模型.按照该模型对B737-800与A320-200这两种国内航空公司的主流机型的延误成本进行了比较与计算,其结果可以为相关的管理决策提供有利的参考.该模型可...  相似文献   
128.
对SBR改性沥青的性能及经济性与其它种类沥青结合料进行了比对,分析后认为SBR改性沥青低温性能良好,价格优势明显,适于在辽北地区推广应用。  相似文献   
129.
结合两座钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的具体情况,根据不同施工方案,剖析钢管混凝土系杆拱桥造价文件编制方法,对定额的取用和注意事项进行了有益的探索,得到较为切合实际的造价结果,为工程建设的实施务实了基础,供编制类似的钢管混凝土系杆拱桥造价时参考.  相似文献   
130.
张红艳 《港工技术》2011,48(3):44-46
在国有资产投资的基础建设项目中实行成本管理和成本控制,是国有资产投资管理体制改革的要求,也是避免在传统投资体制下普遍存在的"概算超估算、预算超概算和结算超预算"问题的关键。结合中储粮日照粮库工程实践,重点介绍项目实施阶段成本构成的各项要素、分析各种因素对成本的影响以及为杜绝项目实施中的损失浪费现象而采取的多项成本管理和控制措施。  相似文献   
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