Demographic indicators of the relative need for artificial reefs in Florida

Abstract

Artificial reef development involves pfonning from a number of perspectives including biological, océanographie, engineering, and social. This article reviews previous studies and identifies demographic variables that affect the use of artificial reefs by recreational anglers. An index of relative demand was created employing eight components: number of coastal county resident boat anglers, nonresident boat anglers, tourist boat anglers, nonboat anglers, number of fishing clubs, number of charter/party boats, number of registered pleasure boats, and the rate of county population growth. By comparing the magnitude of the index to the number of existing artificial reefs off of Florida's 35 coastal counties, an estimate of relative need was graphically portrayed on a state map. Indian River county on the Atlantic coast and Hernando, Hillsborough, Pasco, Citrus, Levy, Lee, and Charlotte counties on the central Gulf coast are the areas with the greatest demand relative to existing reef supply.     

课程设计在汽车理论教学改革中的探讨

针对现阶段汽车理论实践教学,结合课程特点,提出应当将汽车理论课程设计引入常规教学活动。然后探讨了课程设计中技术要求、任务书的合理性、课程监督以及教师教学反思的有效途径,从而提高教学质量,改善教学效果,激发学生学习迁移。     

基于驾驶工作负荷的高海拔地区隧道照明亮度分析

为研究高海拔地区与平原区驾驶员驾驶工作负荷差异特性以得到适用于高海拔地区的隧道照明亮度需求，以及客观量化高海拔地区公路隧道照明设计与管理标准提供理论、方法与技术依据，基于驾驶员驾驶工作负荷理论，从驾驶视认安全、稳定和舒适性的角度，分别在道路运行条件相似的江西宜安Ⅱ级公路和青藏公路高原青藏段（公路－Ⅱ级）设计实车试验进行定量研究。1）运用CART分类方法分析实地驾驶试验数据，发现海拔高度与驾驶员正常行驶的驾驶工作负荷之间呈正相关关系： 平原区驾驶员驾驶需求最低、驾驶工作负荷度最小，海拔高度3 200～3 300 m驾驶工作负荷度居中，海拔高度4 300～4 400 m驾驶工作负荷度最大。2）通过分析得到高海拔地区驾驶员驾驶工作负荷可根据海拔高度进行修正，得到修正系数和驾驶工作负荷度阈限。3）提出高海拔地区隧道照明视认需求相对于平原区的修正系数，海拔高度3 200～3 300 m时为1.2，海拔高度4 300～4 400 m时为1.8。4）得到不同海拔高度公路隧道各个特征段照明亮度设计标准。     

共享停车泊位的分配-定价-收益分配机制

为科学管理共享停车资源,构建一种共享停车泊位的分配-定价-收益分配机制。首先,以存在多个地块的区域为对象,根据出行者对不同地块及停车时间模式的选择偏好构建停车许可证的最优分配-定价模型,其中,最优分配模型为组合拍卖竞胜标确定问题(NP困难问题)。其次,利用Benders分解原理、对偶理论及新型升价拍卖代理系统构建调优法对停车许可证进行拍卖。最后,为调动共享泊位提供者的积极性,利用沙普利值法构建基于对社会福利贡献程度的停车收益分配模型。由理论分析及数值试验可知,运用上述机制可精确实现社会福利最优状态,最小竞争均衡价格与公平的收益分配。结果表明:①相较VCG机制与Leonard机制,调优法不仅可精确求解停车许可证的最优分配-定价,而且在算法最坏时间复杂度方面拥有更高效率;②在调优法的每个步骤中,即使停车许可证的分配并非最优,通过机制所实现的收费定价依然具有防止策略性操作的重要性质;③调优法可在较少的步骤之内实现较高的社会福利;④新型升价拍卖代理系统拥有多项式型的最坏时间复杂度;⑤通过最优分配-定价机制可获得每位出行者的选择偏好,进而可计算不同泊位提供者组合条件下的社会福利,实现沙普利值法在现实应用中的可计算性。     

摩托车覆盖件造型设计中的工程要求（1）

摩托车的外观造型是一门兼跨机械工程、人体工程、空气动力、美学等多个领域的学科，仅机械工程方面的要求就包括设计、生产、性能和品质等。设计和生产牵涉到企业的方方面面，而性能和品质更牵涉到用户和市场，其中品质要求是所有要求中最苛刻的，反映出一款车的整体质量水平，更体现了一个企业致力于为用户提供有价值产品的理念。     

低重心斜拉桥边跨墩柱横向抗震措施研究

针对低重心斜拉桥边跨墩柱的横向抗震问题,以某在建低重心斜拉桥为背景,进行边跨墩柱横向抗震措施研究。该桥主桥为(45+80+285+80+45)m双塔双索面混凝土斜拉桥,边跨墩柱高度仅为11 m。采用SAP2000建立全桥有限元模型,输入地震动,通过抗弯能力需求比R M评估桥梁的抗震性能,提出改变墩柱截面形式与采用防屈曲支撑构件(BRB)等8种抗震措施,并对比分析各措施墩柱关键截面的R M。结果表明:在地震作用下,设置横向固定支座的边跨墩柱墩底截面弯矩较大、R M均小于1,是低重心斜拉桥横向抗震的薄弱环节;8种抗震措施墩柱关键截面的R M均大于1,各措施均可改善边跨墩柱的横向抗震性能,措施Ⅱ-6(将边跨墩柱改为双肢截面,并在双肢间设置BRB)为该桥最优措施。     

基于生态理论的汽车零部件产业动态演化研究

零部件产业是发展汽车工业的基础，没有强大的汽车零部件产业，就不可能有强大的汽车工业。在对我国汽车零部件产业的发展现状进行分析的前提下，应用生态理论结合汽车零部件行业发展面临的问题进行了研究．分析了我国汽车零部件产业动态演化的规律。     

东京都市圈郊区圈层轨道交通供需特征分析及其对上海的启示

上海开始了新一轮城市总体规划,而市郊轨道交通网络规划对城市总体规划影响很大。为了给上海都市圈市郊轨道交通网规划提供启发,选择了与上海有可比性的东京都市圈作为研究对象,较深入地剖析了东京都市圈市郊轨道交通的供需特征;分圈层比较了东京都市圈与上海都市圈的相关统计数据,得到了东京都市圈郊区圈层的4类轨道交通的长度及放射线、周向线的供给分布特征和郊区圈层的径向、周向及过境出行需求特征,以及供需二者之间的关系特征。在此基础上得到启示,对上海都市圈市郊轨道交通网规划提出了建议。     

A kinematic wave approach to traffic statics and dynamics in a double-ring network

Recently there has been much interest in understanding macroscopic fundamental diagrams of stationary road networks. However, there lacks a systematic method to define and solve stationary states in a road network with complex junctions. In this study we propose a kinematic wave approach to defining, analyzing, and simulating static and dynamic traffic characteristics in a network of two ring roads connected by a 2 × 2 junction, which can be either an uninterrupted interchange or a signalized intersection. This study is enabled by recently developed macroscopic junction models of general junctions. With a junction model based on fair merging and first-in-first-out diverging rules, we first define and solve stationary states and then derive the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) of a stationary uninterrupted network. We conclude that the flow-density relationship of the uninterrupted double-ring network is not unique for high average network densities (i.e., when one ring becomes congested) and unveil the existence of infinitely many stationary states that can arise with a zero-speed shockwave. From simulation results with a corresponding Cell Transmission Model, we verify that all stationary states in the MFD are stable and can be reached, but show that randomness in the retaining ratio of each ring drives the network to more symmetric traffic patterns and higher flow-rates. Furthermore we model a signalized intersection as two alternate diverge junctions and demonstrate that the signalized double-ring network can reach asymptotically periodic traffic patterns, which are therefore defined as “stationary” states in signalized networks. With simulations we show that the flow-density relation is well defined in such “stationary” states, and asymptotic traffic patterns can be impacted by signal cycle lengths and retaining ratios. But compared with uninterrupted interchanges, signalized intersections lead to more asymmetric traffic patterns, lower flow-rates, and even gridlocks when the average density is higher than half of the jam density. The results are consistent between this study and existing studies, but the network kinematic wave model, with appropriate junction models, is mathematically tractable and physically meaningful. It has offered a more complete picture regarding the number and type of stationary states, their stability, and MFD in freeway and signalized networks.     

Unraveling the relationship between trip chaining and mode choice: evidence from a multi-week travel diary

Abstract

Trip chaining (or tours) and mode choice are two critical factors influencing a variety of patterns of urban travel demand. This paper investigates the hierarchical relationship between these two sets of decisions including the influences of socio-demographic characteristics on them. It uses a 6-week travel diary collected in Thurgau, Switzerland, in 2003. The structural equation modeling technique is applied to identify the hierarchical relationship. Hierarchy and temporal consistency of the relationship is investigated separately for work versus non-work tours. It becomes clear that for work tours in weekdays, trip-chaining and mode choice decisions are simultaneous and remain consistent across the weeks. For non-work tours in weekdays, mode choice decisions precede trip-chaining decisions. However, for non-work tours in weekends, trip-chaining decisions precede mode choice decisions. A number of socioeconomic characteristics also play major roles in influencing the relationships. Results of the investigation challenge the traditional approach of modeling mode choice separately from activity-scheduling decisions.