消减波浪荷载的桥梁沉箱基础外形设计研究

基于波浪场中动水压强的空间分布特征,提出了消减跨海桥梁沉箱基础波浪荷载的方法:一是优化基础横截面外形,调节基础横截面外轮廓不同位置波浪压力的相位差,减小基础所受到波浪力和力矩;二是优化基础竖截面外形,减小水面附近波浪能量集中区域的截面尺寸,增大靠近海床面区域的截面尺寸,将基础下部的迎浪面设置为外伸斜面,利用斜面上波浪压力竖向分力产生的力矩抵消部分水平分力产生的力矩,从而消减桥梁基础上的总波浪力矩。对于大尺度矩形和圆端矩形截面的桥梁深水沉箱基础,基于势流绕射理论和边界积分方法进行分析,结果表明,相比于矩形截面,采用圆端矩形截面可有效减小基础的波浪力和力矩;相比于上下等截面的基础,采用下部迎浪面设置外伸斜面的基础可以大幅减小基础的波浪力矩。研究成果可为跨海桥梁深水基础设计提供参考。     

A macroscopic taxi model for passenger demand,taxi utilization and level of services

In most urban areas taxi services are subject to various types of regulation such as entry restriction and price control. However, effective intervention depends on generating and using suitable information on the demand-supply equilibrium of the taxi market. This paper develops a simultaneous equation system of passenger demand, taxi utilization and level of services based on a taxi service situation found in the urban area of Hong Kong over the last ten years. A set of variables is introduced including number of licensed taxis, taxi fare, disposable income, occupied taxi journey time as exogenous variables and daily taxi passenger demand, passenger waiting time, taxi availability, taxi utilization and average taxi waiting time as endogenous variables. These variables are coupled together through a system of nonlinear simultaneous equations whose parameters are estimated from survey data. The simultaneous equation system can be used to obtain useful regulatory information to assist with the decisions concerning the restriction over the number of taxi licenses and the fixing of the taxi fare structure as well as a range of service quality control. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

快速路交通流时间序列分形维数研究

对取自于北京、沈阳和上海3座城市的4组快速路交通流数据进行分析,判别出交通状态为同步流或自由流.通过改变时间尺度观察时间序列的自相似特性和利用功率谱法判别,发现在两种状态下,系统都具有分形和混沌特性,可以应用相关理论进行研究.应用G-P算法计算了流率和速度序列在不同统计间隔下的关联维,计算了流率、速度的Hausdorff维数,并对计算结果进行了讨论.在此基础上,指出了分维在交通流理论研究中的应用方向.     

城市道路网饱和度模型及其应用

饱和度是反映道路交通状况的一个重要指标,也是评判道路服务水平的一个重要基准。目前所涉及到的饱和度仅指某一路段或交叉口的饱和度,且关于它的模型方法已比较成熟,但它仅是一个反映城市道路局部交通状况的量。文章从城市道路网整体出发,通过饱和度影响因素分析,探讨了道路网交通空间容量与路段通过能力、交通需求与路段交通量之间的相互关系,建立了城市道路网饱和度模型。算例分析表明,该模型简单、合理、实用。     

耗散结构及熵变理论在区域交通系统中的应用探讨

区域交通系统是一耗散结构。基于交通系统的特性,选择区域交通网络有效路段上的平均交通拥挤度为序参量,来描述区域交通系统的演化过程和方向。通过分析区域交通系统的耗散结构属性,利用熵理论和信息论,建立了区域交通系统熵测算模型,并利用该模型对1998￣2004年间北京都市圈交通系统熵进行了实证性测算研究,并根据熵变理论,对该区域内交通系统演化过程及方向作出分析。     

基于多智能主体系统的车道变换模型

为更加真实地反映车道变换行为,建立具有良好性能的车道变换模型,根据抽样调查结果分析了车道变换的基本条件。引入智能主体(Agent)理论,将Agent与车道变换行为联系起来,建立了基于多智能主体系统(Multi-Agent System,MAS)的车道变换模型框架;给出了车辆MAS的结构,抽象了各Agent成员的元组构成,给出了各Agent成员的工作原理与执行流程;基于多智能系统工程方法(Multi-Agent Systems Engineering Methodology,MASEM),给出了车道变换的仿真流程并得到仿真实例。研究结果表明:在2 km长的双向4车道高速公路上,在30 s时间内,利用提出的车道变换模型仿真得到的车道变换车辆次数与实际情况相差8%;在该时段内任意瞬间,正在执行车道变换的车辆数目与实际情况相差仅1.67%。     

道路拥挤定价下的公交收费模型研究

为了在执行道路拥挤定价政策的前提下制定公共交通的收费标准，提出可行的定价模型，根据交通行为科学的有关理论和方法，采用了两层规划技术建立了道路拥挤定价下的公交收费模型，上层规划为交通系统优化，下层规划为拥挤定价下的路网随机平衡问题。以广州市为研究对象，计算了拥挤定价下广州市公交线网的最优价格体系。研究结果表明：所提出的模型能够描述出行者和交通管理部门分别在出行和交通管理中的决策行为，较好地解释了用户平衡、路段路径流量和阻抗、交通需求、拥挤费、公交票价、出行成本等相互之间的逻辑关系。     

The prigogine-herman kinetic model predicts widely scattered traffic flow data at high concentrations

The classical derivation of a traffic stream model (e.g. speed/concentration relation) from the equilibrium solutions of the Prigogine–Herman kinetic equation invokes the nontrivial assumption that the underlying distribution of desired speeds is nonzero for vanishingly small speeds. In this paper we investigate the situation when this assumption does not hold. It is found that the Prigogine–Herman kinetic equation has a one-parameter family of equilibrium solutions, and hence an associated traffic stream model, only for traffic concentrations below some critical value; at higher concentrations there is a two-parameter family of solutions, and hence a continuum of mean velocities for each concentration. This result holds for both constant values of the passing probability and the relaxation time, and for values that depend on concentration in the manner assumed by Prigogine and Herman. It is hypothesized that this result reflects the well-known tendency toward substantial scatter in observational data of traffic flow at high concentrations.     

Temporal disaggregation of travel demand for high resolution emissions inventories

The commonly used photochemical air quality model, the Urban Airshed Model (UAM), requires emission estimates with grid-based, hourly resolution. In contrast, travel demand models, used to simulate the travel activity model inputs for the transportation-related emissions estimation, typically only provide traffic volumes for a specific travel period (e.g. the a.m. and p.m. peak periods). A few transportation agencies have developed procedures to allocate period-based travel demand data into hourly emission inventories for regional grid cells. Because there was no theoretical framework for disaggregating period-based volumes to hourly volumes, application of these procedures frequently relied upon a single hypothetical hourly distribution of travel volumes. This study presents a new theoretical modeling framework that integrates traffic count data and travel demand model link volume estimates to derive intra-period hourly volume estimates by trip purpose. We propose a new interpretation of the model coefficients and define hourly allocation factors by trip purpose. These allocation factors can be used to disaggregate the travel demand model ‘period-based’ simulation volumes into hourly resolution, thereby improving grid-based, hourly emission estimates in the UAM.     

徐变对钢管混凝土拱桥的影响分析

在使用继效流动理论对钢管混凝土轴心受压构件徐变进行分析计算的基础上,将其与有限元分析工具相结合,对钢管混凝土拱桥的徐变行为进行了分析。算例计算结果表明:钢管混凝土拱桥在使用老化阶段的徐变将会显著影响其结构本身的变形性能和内部受力状态,应该引起足够的重视。采用本文方法分析徐变对钢管混凝土拱桥的影响,所得结果比较合理。