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Vehicles are considered to be an important source of ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO). HNCO and NH3 have been shown to be toxic compounds. Moreover, NH3 is also a precursor in the formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols. For that reason, real-time vehicular emissions from a series of Euro 5 and Euro 6 light-duty vehicles, including spark ignition (gasoline and flex-fuel), compression ignition (diesel) and a plug-in electric hybrid, were investigated at 23 and −7 °C over the new World harmonized Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. The median HNCO emissions obtained for the studied fleet over the WLTC were 1.4 mg km−1 at 23 °C and 6 mg km−1 at −7 °C. The fleet median NH3 emission factors were 10 mg km−1 and 21 mg km−1 at 23 and −7 °C, respectively. The obtained results show that even though three-way catalyst (TWC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and NOx storage catalyst (NSC) are effective systems to reduce NOx vehicular emissions, they also lead to considerable emissions of the byproducts NH3 and/or HNCO. It is also shown that diesel light-duty vehicles equipped with SCR can present NH3 emission factors as high as gasoline light-duty vehicles at both, 23 and −7 °C over the WLTC. Therefore, with the introduction in the market of this DeNOx technology, vehicular NH3 emissions will increase further. 相似文献
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雷达的基本任务是利用目标的电磁散射特性发现和识别目标,而目标存在或隐蔽于周围环境中,环境的电磁散射对雷达发现和识别目标产生的干扰称为雷达杂波,因此对雷达杂波特性的深入了解可以最大程度发挥雷达在杂波环境中的工作性能.论文通过对雷达杂波建模与仿真方法研究,为研究雷达最佳检测理论和最佳检测器设计的人员提供参考. 相似文献
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多用户检测技术能够抑制小区干扰,增加系统容量,而多输入多输出(MIMO)系统可以增加系统空间分集度来抑制信道衰落,提高系统可靠性.作者在码分多址(CDMA)系统瑞利衰落信道环境下,采用MIMO多天线空间分集技术,探究解相关检测器的相关性能,并通过对不同情况下信噪比与误码率的仿真、分析和比较,实现了预期效果. 相似文献
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文章针对可调桨桨叶在受到重大损伤经焊补修复后对桨叶螺距和可调桨静平衡的检测进行了探索和研究,设计适合可调桨修理专用的检测装置,成功地消除可调桨所存在的螺距和静不平衡量偏差超差的缺陷,有效地提高了可调桨修理的检测精度,取得了显著的效果。 相似文献
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A simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)coupled with diode array detector(DAD)and evaporative light scattering detector(ELSD)was established for the determination of six bioactive compounds in Zhenqi Fuzheng preparation(ZFP).The 相似文献
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介绍了基于双层谐衍射透镜的线阵列光子轴温探测器的特点和工作原理,并对线阵列光子轴温探测器在轴温及相关热源的探测过程中的应用提出了一些建议与改进方法。 相似文献