Dynamic optimization of ship energy efficiency considering time-varying environmental factors

Nowadays, optimization of ship energy efficiency attracts increasing attention in order to meet the requirement for energy conservation and emission reduction. Ship operation energy efficiency is significantly influenced by environmental factors such as wind speed and direction, water speed and depth. Owing to inherent time-variety and uncertainty associated with these various factors, it is very difficult to determine optimal sailing speeds accurately for different legs of the whole route using traditional static optimization methods, especially when the weather conditions change frequently over the length of a ship route. Therefore, in this paper, a novel dynamic optimization method adopting the model predictive control (MPC) strategy is proposed to optimize ship energy efficiency accounting for these time-varying environmental factors. Firstly, the dynamic optimization model of ship energy efficiency considering time-varying environmental factors and the nonlinear system model of ship energy efficiency are established. On this basis, the control algorithm and controller for the dynamic optimization of ship energy efficiency (DOSEE) are designed. Finally, a case study is carried out to demonstrate the validity of this optimization method. The results indicate that the optimal sailing speeds at different time steps could be determined through the dynamic optimization method. This method can improve ship energy efficiency and reduce CO₂ emissions effectively.     

A simulation-based vessel-truck coordination strategy for lighterage terminals

Lighterage contributes significantly to the maritime industry since thousand tons of necessary supplies have to be delivered to mother vessels anchored near sea every day. A single lighter waits to receive cargoes from multiple suppliers at the berth, while the trucks wait for their turns to enter the terminal. Due to the limited space, the terminal operation becomes vulnerable to the lack of coordination of their arrivals. In this study, despite a traditional industry, we are interested in applying the emerging technologies to improve the operation efficiency. We develop a simulation-based coordination strategy to construct coordinated schedules for both the lighters and suppliers to reduce congestions in the lighterage terminal The discrete event simulation model is developed based on understanding the real-world terminal in Singapore, and the controlled arrival method, determining coordinated arrival schedules of trucks, is introduced and embedded to the simulation model. The simulation model is tuned up with a benchmark setting of 6-month historical data. To find the optimal strategy, an advanced bi-objective simulation optimization algorithm is employed. According to our findings, the proposed strategy could significantly improve the efficiency of both lighters and trucks in various indicators. At the end, a mobile application prototype is proposed to deliver the coordinated schedules to different parties, and improve the communication between parties.     

大型船舶横向靠离码头所需拖船协助力的近似计算

为了保证大型船舶安全、经济地靠离码头，驾引人员应当对所需拖船协助力心中有数。国内外研究人员已在理论和实验方面做了大量的工作，但实用的计算方法仍不多见，且存在着一些问题。提高大型船舶横向靠离码头所需拖船协助力估算精度的关键是横流阻力系数Ｃ（ｗｙ）的估算。该文根据１２条船模试验数据用逐步回归分析法获得了可以表达Ｃ（ｗｙ）与船型及水深之间关系的近似公式；同时依据大型船舶横向离码头实际是加减速运动这一事实，考虑了加速运动对Ｃ（ｗｙ）系数的影响；此外还分析了岸壁对船舶横向运动的影响。该文所提供的计算方法是实用和可靠的，可供船舶驾引人员使用，亦可供船舶操纵运动数学模型研究人员参考。     

长江水翼客艇Ⅱ号附体设计特点及试验分析

本文简要分析了国外水翼艇附体的一些特征,重点介绍长江水翼客艇Ⅱ号(以下简称水翼Ⅱ号)附体的特点。由试验证实,将舵、水翼支柱和尾轴支架组合为一体,用一剖面代替三个不连续的剖面,可得到令人满意的阻力性能,满足附体阻力控制在总阻力的20％以内的设计要求。文中还介绍了水翼Ⅱ号三种附件组合体方案及模型阻力试验分析。     

Effect of microbubbles on the structure of turbulence in a turbulent boundary layer

The time-averaged velocity and turbulence intensity distributions were measured by a laser Doppler velocimeter in a turbulent boundary layer filled with microbubbles. The void fraction distribution was also measured using a fiber-optic probe. The velocity decreased in the region below 100 wall units with an increase in bubble density. This led to a decrease in the velocity gradient at the wall, which was consistent with a decrease in shearing stress on the wall. The turbulence intensity in the buffer layer increased at a low microbubble density, and then began to decrease with an increasing microbubble density. Based on the present measurements, the mechanism of turbulence reduction by microbubbles is discussed and a model is proposed. Received for publication on Dec. 3, 1999; accepted on April 18, 2000     

广深港客运专线隧道下穿地铁施工安全分析

针对广深港客运专线某隧道下穿地铁3号线工程,采用数值模拟与现场监测的方法,研究客运专线隧道下穿既有地铁线路施工的安全性。利用三维强度折减法,对三维数值模拟模型进行计算得到整体安全系数。研究结果表明:当采用三台阶法施工时,既有地铁隧道结构竖向位移为5.4 mm,与监测结果较吻合,满足运营要求;整体模型安全系数为3.78,夹岩保持稳定。根据计算与监测结果可知:近接工程安全。最后,提出相应设计对策,应采取管棚作为预支护措施、旋喷桩改良地层、复合式衬砌结构,采用控制爆破开挖减少对地层破坏,支护早封闭勤量测。     

上海轨道交通12号线通风空调系统设计

通风空调系统运行能耗巨大,其设计是城市轨道交通系统总体设计中的重中之重。基于相关标准和节能减排要求,确定了上海轨道交通12号线工程通风空调系统的运行模式,并对区间隧道(含辅助线)通风系统兼排烟系统、车站车轨区排热兼排烟系统、车站公共区通风空调系统、设备管理用房通风空调系统、空调冷源及水系统的设计进行了详细阐述。     

城市轨道交通通风空调消声降噪设计要点分析

城市轨道交通的通风空调工程对环境影响评价的主要内容是风亭、冷却塔等对声环境和空气质量的影响。工程设计中应注意准确理解相关名词概念。《地铁设计规范》中明确的噪声防护距离是以常规设备为前提的,但必要时可采用低噪声设备或降噪措施来满足要求。在城市轨道交通环境评价中的噪声限值均是等效连续A声级。合成A声级采用的计算公式在首次使用前应进行验证。在背景噪声超标的情况下,应加大对风亭、冷却塔的消声降噪程度。在设计中还应充分重视冷却塔的选址以及准确识别声环境类别的重要性。     

过复杂建筑群处城市隧道弱干扰减振控制技术

在胶州湾湾口海底隧道接线隧道掘进中采用的弱干扰减振技术和其他技术控制措施,有效地控制了爆破过程中的震动影响,减轻和降低了对紧邻施工作业面的城市道路及房屋干扰,总结形成论文为城市地下工程爆破作业提供一些参考。     

公路隧道节能减排对策

研究目的:公路隧道作为能源消耗大户,其节能减排得到我国交通运输主管部门的高度重视。调查研究表明,我国公路隧道节能减排工作取得一定成效的同时,还存在不少深层次问题。在分析影响公路隧道节能减排因素的基础上,从系统工程角度提出公路隧道节能减排对策,以期为我国公路隧道节能减排工作深入发展提供参考。研究结论:当前我国公路隧道节能减排存在问题主要包括经济和社会效益的平衡、节能技术产品推广应用、规范节能统计指标体系、节能减排专项资金投入、相关政策和法规的支持等方面。影响公路隧道节能减排的主要因素有土建结构、机电设施、交通特点、经济能力和自然条件等。公路隧道节能减排对策是结构节能、技术节能和管理节能。