The value of time and external benefits in bicycle appraisal

We estimate the value of time savings, different cycling environments and additional benefits in cost-benefit analysis of cycling investments. Cyclists’ value of travel time savings turns out to be high, considerably higher than the value of time savings on alternative modes. Cyclists also value other improvements highly, such as separated bicycle lanes. As to additional benefits of cycling improvements in the form of health and reduced car traffic, our results do not support the notion that these will be a significant part in a cost-benefit analysis. Bicyclists seem to take health largely into account when making their travel choices, implying that it would be double-counting to add total health benefits to the analysis once the consumer surplus has been correctly calculated. As to reductions in car traffic, our results indicate that the cross-elasticity between car and cycle is low, and hence benefits from traffic reductions will be small. However, the valuations of improved cycling speeds and comfort are so high that it seems likely that improvements for cyclists are cost-effective compared to many other types of investments, without having to invoke second-order, indirect effects. In other words, our results suggest that bicycle should be viewed as a competitive mode of travel and not primarily as a means to achieve improved health or reduced car traffic.     

基于排序选择模型的游客拥挤感知分析

基于游客拥挤感知机理和影响因素分析,采用意愿调查法对游客旅游线路特性、拥挤感知度和不同拥挤状态下的游客时空分布意向进行调查,定量分析不同旅游阶段信息、客流密度等因素对游客拥挤感知度的影响,基于排序选择模型,建立游客拥挤感知模型,并进行局部效应分析.结果表明:出行前(查询旅线信息方式等)、景区游览阶段(拥挤信息发布内容、景点停留时间等)的旅游信息变量对游客的拥挤感知度具有显著影响;景点停留时间每增加1 min,游客拥挤感知度为2、3、4的概率分别增加0.3%、增加1.1%、减少1.3%,研究可为旅游信息合理发布和游客合理分流提供基础数据.     

基于计算流体动力学(CFD)的大跨度桥梁风效应数值模拟

CFD(计算流体动力学)方法作为风洞试验的辅助手段,已越来越广泛地应用于桥梁断面选型及抗风设计分析中。采用CFD方法,对某轨道交通大跨度桥梁进行了二维流场数值模拟,得到流场的压力、速度和旋涡分布,还得到了不同高度主梁截面在-3°、0°、3°风攻角时的三分力系数,并对其随梁高的变化规律进行了分析。     

Bottom effects on the tower base shear forces and bending moments of a shallow water offshore wind turbine

In this paper the tower base shear forces and bending moments of a shallow water offshore wind turbine have been rigorously calculated by using a nonlinear simulation method taking into account the bottom effects. It has been found that nonlinearly simulated realistic waves with bottom effects should be used as inputs in the stochastic time domain simulation in order to design an un-conservative support structure for the offshore wind turbine. In order to further improve the simulation efficiency, a transformed linear simulation method has been utilized in this paper for generating equivalent waves as those obtained from the nonlinear simulation method. The accuracy and efficiency of the transformed linear simulation method have been convincingly substantiated through the subsequent calculation examples in this article.     

Nonlinear numerical analysis and progressive damage assessment of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collision

Despite many studies on barge collisions with girder bridges in the literature, this paper investigates the progressive damage behaviors and nonlinear failure modes of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collisions using finite element (FE) simulations in LS-DYNA. The damages in the pier initiate with appearing of local shear failures in the slender columns during the ship collision stage and reach the severe cross-sectional fractures associated with the formation of plastic hinges which causes the combined shear-flexural failures during the free vibration phase of the pier response. In addition, an analytical simplified model with two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) is proposed to formulate the strain rate effects of the concrete materials as the dynamic increase factors in the global responses of the impacted pier. It is found that the analytical model is able to efficiently estimate the impact responses of the structure compared to those from the FE high-resolution simulations. Moreover, three different damage indices are proposed based on the pier deflection, the internal energy absorbed by the pier, and the axial load capacity of the pier columns to classify the damage levels of the pier. Finally, an efficient damage index method is determinant by comparing the calculated results with the damage behaviors of the pier observed from the FE simulations.     

Measuring the equity effects of a carbon charge on car commuters: A case study of Manchester Airport

This papers attempts to quantify the equity effect of a hypothesized economic instrument, a carbon charge on car commuters, for reducing carbon dioxide emissions produced by commuters on airport surface access. Manchester Airport is taken as a case study using staff Survey data from 2008 and 2010. Consumer welfare change is analysed for measuring the equity effects of carbon charge by user group, which considers the changes of travel mode choice, the carbon dioxide emissions reduction, the revenue from a carbon charge and how it is distributed. First, the individual carbon footprint in terms of gram passenger kilometre, and the damage cost of carbon by commuters on airport surface access are estimated. Next, the impact of carbon charge on travel behaviour is investigated by the nested logit model. Finally, the net effect of carbon charges is assessed by travel mode user, gender, job type, and age group. The results show some impacts of the carbon charge on car users and carbon reduction, and the positive effects on lower income group and less carbon commuters. The quantified results provide the evidences for the mitigation policies to combine monetary incentives with disincentives for travel behaviour change, and demonstrate the different equity effects among commuter groups.     

通气空泡流中洞壁效应对空化数和压力场影响的研究

文章在均质平衡多相流模型的基础上耦合输运方程型空化模型,通过求解混合介质的RANS方程、RNG k-ε湍流输运方程以及各相的质量输运方程,采用通用CFD软件—FLUENT数值模拟了水洞中带圆盘空化器航行体模型的定常通气空泡流动,研究了圆形截面闭式空泡水洞中洞壁效应对通气空化数和压力场的影响。得到的阻塞空化数线性正比于圆盘水洞直径比,且与三维圆盘自然空泡流的势流近似解基本一致,分析了洞壁效应作用下空化流场内的压力分布特点,并根据计算结果拟合了一定适用条件下通气空泡长度、最大直径和模型阻力系数的近似公式。     

Market dynamics and indirect network effects in electric vehicle diffusion

The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is studied in a two-sided market framework consisting of EVs on the one side and EV charging stations (EVCSs) on the other. A sequential game is introduced as a model for the interactions between an EVCS investor and EV consumers. A consumer chooses to purchase an EV or a conventional gasoline alternative based on the upfront costs of purchase, the future operating costs, and the availability of charging stations. The investor, on the other hand, maximizes his profit by deciding whether to build charging facilities at a set of potential EVCS sites or to defer his investments.The solution of the sequential game characterizes the EV-EVCS market equilibrium. The market solution is compared with that of a social planner who invests in EVCSs with the goal of maximizing the social welfare. It is shown that the market solution underinvests EVCSs, leading to slower EV diffusion. The effects of subsidies for EV purchase and EVCSs are also considered.     

机动车闯红灯行为影响因素分析

信号控制交叉口由闯红灯引起的交通事故具有较高的伤亡率。为深入了解闯红灯行为的影响因素,利用人工记录与视频观测结合的方法对上海市4个信号控制交叉口进行调查。基于流行病学影响因素研究方法选择未闯红灯行为作为对照组与闯红灯行为对比,以排除无关因素。对调查数据进行行为编码,考虑到各个交叉口的异质性,基于随机效应逻辑斯特模型在交叉口层面分析驾驶环境、驾驶人特点、车辆特征对闯红灯行为的影响。结果表明,本地驾驶人、男性驾驶人、客车更容易闯红灯,流量大会增加闯红灯的可能性;此外,是否为本地车辆、车内是否有乘客对闯红灯行为也有显著影响。     

基于 OSG 粒子系统的飞行器发射特效的技术实现*

实时三维虚拟场景中,较好的特效如火焰、烟雾等能够增加场景的真实感和沉浸感。论文首先简要介绍了粒子系统的基本原理,分析了飞行器的发射环境及烟雾的形态特征,通过设置三个不同的粒子系统实例实现了基于OSG的飞行器发射过程特效的模拟,达到了较好的视觉效果。