电子车辆识别技术的性能、安全性和成本分析及应用

电子车辆识别(EVI)是利用电子信号对车辆进行自动识别和监测的技术.随着RFID技术的不断发展,EVI应用的领域和范围不断扩大,这对EVI的性能、安全性和成本提出了更高的要求.     

从一起船舶主机拉缸故障谈柴油机润滑油的选用

通过某LPG船一起主机拉缸案例,阐述船舶柴油机润滑油合理选用和管理的重要性,讨论选用润滑油应根据船舶柴油机的型号、燃油品质等具体情况,充分考虑润滑油的黏度等级和碱度。介绍船用柴油机润滑油国内外主要生产商及其相应的产品牌号。     

Estimation of delay variability at signalized intersections for urban arterial performance evaluation

Urban arterial performance evaluation has been broadly studied, with the major focus on average travel time estimation. However, in view of the stochastic nature of interrupted flow, the ability to capture the characteristics of travel time variability has become a critical step in determining arterial level of service (LOS). This article first presents a stochastic approach that integrates classic cumulative curves and probability theories in order to investigate delay variability at signalized intersections, as a dominant part of the link travel time variability. This serves as a basis for arterial travel time estimation, which can be obtained through a convolution of individual link travel time distributions. The proposed approach is then applied in the estimation of travel time along one arterial in Shanghai, China, with abundant automatic vehicle identification (AVI) data sources. The travel time variability is evaluated thoroughly at 30-min intervals, with promising results achieved in comparison to the field measurements. In addition, the estimated travel time distributions are utilized to illustrate the probability of multiple LOS ranges, namely, reliability LOS. The results provide insights into how we might achieve a more reliable and informative understanding of arterial performance.     

Effectiveness of travel time reliability indicators in the light of the assessment of dynamic managed lane strategy

ABSTRACT

The aim of traffic management is to ensure a high quality of service for a maximum number of users by decreasing congestion and increasing safety. Uncertainty of travel times decreases the quality of service and leads end users to modify their plans regardless of the average travel time. Indicators describing travel time reliability are being developed and should be used in the future both for the optimization and for the assessment of active traffic management operations. This article discusses the efficiency of certain reliability indicators in an ex-post assessment of a traffic management strategy. Ex-post assessment is based on an observational before–after study. As some factors other than the studied management strategy may intervene between the two periods, and as most reliability indicators require knowledge of the full travel time distribution and not only its average, a methodology is developed for the identification of the impact of these exogenous factors on the whole distribution. Many reliability indicators are split into different parts allowing the identification of the part due to the management strategy impact. The methodology is tested numerically on a managed lane operation consisting of Hard Shoulder Running (HSR) at rush hour on a section of a French motorway. The variation of some reliability indicators appears misleading, whereas the splitting of the indicators increases our understanding of the strategy and highlights its impact. The paper gives the reliability assessment of the HSR field test and discusses different reliability indicators to identify their potential performances and shortcomings.     

废气旁通阀开度对增压直喷汽油机部分负荷性能的影响

汽油机节气门产生的节流损失对增压发动机泵气损失的影响相当严重,尤其是在中小负荷时,针对这一问题采用试验的方法研究了中小负荷下旁通阀开度对增压直喷汽油机性能的影响。研究结果表明,在节气门开度较小的小负荷工况下,涡轮增压器不宜工作,否则排气背压过大,对发动机非常不利;而废气旁通阀全开可以减小排气背压,能使发动机的动力性和经济性提高3%左右。对废气旁通阀的合理控制可以实现发动机在自然吸气和涡轮增压两种模式之间的转换。     

柴油机起动过程缸内窜机油现象的可视化研究

在单缸机上利用内窥镜技术观察到了起动过程中缸内有窜机油的现象。采用图像分析和试验验证相结合的方法,分析了缸内窜机油现象发生的原因,研究了转速和进气压力对柴油机起动倒拖工况下缸内窜机油现象的影响,研究了起动着火运行时缸内的窜机油现象以及炭烟排放特性。研究表明:柴油机高转速起动倒拖工况下,在压缩上止点前后以及排气上止点后均有机油窜入缸内;当转速升高时,窜入缸内的机油量增加;当缸内压力升高时,窜入缸内的机油量减少;在起动着火过程中,运行初期缸内出现窜机油现象,随着发动机运行时间增加,窜机油现象消失,炭烟减少。     

VVL耦合喷油策略对GDI汽油机混合气形成的影响

利用三维仿真软件Ansys Fluent建立了GDI汽油机的仿真计算模型,就变气门升程耦合不同喷油策略对缸内气流运动和混合气形成的影响进行了模拟计算。结果表明,与大气门升程工况相比,小气门升程工况的缸内湍流运动强度、燃油蒸发和湿壁情况以及点火时刻混合气质量都明显改善;在小气门升程工况,采用两段喷油会缩短油气混合时间,过度推迟二次喷油时刻会恶化混合气质量和燃油湿壁情况;在大气门升程工况,两段喷油会改善混合气均匀性,随着二次喷油时刻推迟,燃油蒸发量增加,湿壁情况加剧,混合气质量得到改善;小气门升程工况下采用二次喷油时刻为470°曲轴转角,前后两次喷油量比例为7∶3的两段喷油方案在燃油蒸发和湿壁以及点火时刻缸内混合气质量这几个方面的效果都很好,是最合理的方案。     

基于响应面和遗传算法的柴油机瞬态过程喷油参数优化

基于台架试验数据,利用响应面法建立了某工程机械用柴油机瞬态过程喷油参数与性能的近似高精度模型,基于此模型采用遗传算法对瞬态过程喷油参数分别进行离线优化研究。结果表明:采用单目标优化确定的燃油消耗率(BSFC)、NO_x比排放量和颗粒质量(PM)比排放量的优化极限分别可达180.23g/(kW·h),8.92g/(kW·h)和0.011 8g/(kW·h),相对原机可降低多达4.5%,34.0%和37.3%。双目标优化的Pareto解集表明,相比于同时优化BSFC和NO_x比排放量,BSFC和PM比排放量更容易同时得到优化。采用权重因子适应度函数的三目标优化结果对应的BSFC,NO_x比排放量及PM比排放量分别为184.70g/(kW·h),12.62g/(kW·h)和0.012 2g/(kW·h),较原机分别降低2.1%,6.6%和35.3%。改进优化模型后,性能优化Pareto解集对应的BSFC和PM比排放量水平都非常接近其优化极限,但NO_x比排放量相对其优化极限仍然较高。     

基于一维-三维耦合仿真的进气系统优化方法

提出了基于一维-三维耦合仿真的进气系统优化方法,此方法兼具CFD对进气系统三维流动特性准确描述与一维仿真对内燃机进气系统全局控制的优点。建立了进气歧管三维模型,采用GT-Power软件进行缸内工作过程模型仿真,根据试验数据标定仿真模型。通过一维-三维耦合仿真计算得到进气歧管各转速下的流动参数,以此作为CFD仿真的边界条件,优化进气歧管的结构参数。通过整机试验对进气歧管流动性能进行了验证。试验结果表明,该方法能够较好地指导进气歧管设计。     

一种基于广义S变换增强的柴油机失火故障特征提取方法

为有效提取柴油机缸盖振动信号失火故障特征,提出一种基于广义S变换增强的柴油机失火故障特征提取方法。首先根据柴油机燃烧过程与配气相位的关系对信号进行等角度重采样,然后利用广义S变换对信号进行消噪处理,并按工作循环将信号的周期性瞬态特征进行同步增强。通过仿真信号验证和某柴油机缸盖振动信号的实例应用,结果表明,此方法能有效地提取柴油机缸盖振动信号的失火故障特征,实现失火故障的准确诊断。