城市轨道交通与可持续发展

面对城市化进程加快带来的交通需求迅速增长和城市布局的重新调整,探讨了城市轨道交通与可持续发展的关系。首先介绍了城市交通可持续发展的3E原则。以上海市为例,通过常年的调查研究,从轨道交通网络规模效应、轨道交通与城市空间结构、轨道交通与社会公正性3个方面进行了分析。最后,总结了轨道交通促进可持续发展的基本策略,并提出了我国城市交通发展与土地开发建设的5D原则,即POD〉BOD〉TOD〉XOD〉COD。     

协同式地面等待程序中时隙公平分配研究

研究了CDM GDP机场时隙资源的公平分配问题,提出了基于延误成本公平分配的新的协同地面等待优化模型.给出了航班延误成本的计算方法,将其应用于优化模型中目标函数的计算,并利用遗传算法对模型求解.最后,应用国内某机场的实际数据进行仿真验证,并与RBS算法作了比较.仿真结果表明,所提模型不仅能有效地分配GDP期间的有限时隙,使总延误成本比RBS算法降低了18%,而且使得航空公司间的延误损失得以均衡,显著提高了分配的公平性.     

通过停车收费筹措公共服务资金

很多城市的低收入社区面临两大突出难题：超负荷的路内停车和低配置的公共服务。通过构建一项政策可以同时解决这两个难题：基于市场价格征收路内停车费,并将其收入用于本地公共服务运营。基于北京一处胡同改善项目发现,通过合理收取停车费,该社区用于卫生、治安、景观和停车管理的投资能够在不到三年内回收。同时,该项目社区中只有35%的住户拥有私人小汽车,拥车住户的家庭年收入是无车住户的近3倍。     

Dockless bike-sharing systems: what are the implications?

ABSTRACT

The emergence of dockless bike-sharing services has revolutionised bike-sharing markets in recent years, and the dramatic growth of shared bike fleets in China, as well as their rapid expansion throughout the world, exceeds prior expectations. An understanding of the impacts of these new dockless bike-sharing systems is of vital importance for system operations, transportation and urban planning research. This paper provides a first overview of the emerging literature on implications of dockless bike-sharing systems for users' travel behaviour, user experience, and relevant social impacts of dockless bike-sharing systems. Our review suggests that the dockless design of bike-sharing systems significantly improves users' experiences at the end of their bike trips. Individuals can instantly switch to a dockless shared bike without the responsibility of returning it back to a designated dock. Additionally, the high flexibility and efficiency of dockless bike-sharing often makes the bike-sharing systems' integration with public transit even tighter than that of traditional public bikes, providing an efficient option for first/last-mile trips. The GPS tracking device embedded in each dockless shared bike enables the unprecedented collection of large-scale riding trajectory data, which allow scholars to analyse people's travel behaviour in new ways. Although many studies have investigated travel satisfaction amongst cyclists, there is a lack of knowledge of the satisfaction with bikeshare trips, including both station-based and dockless bikeshare systems. The availability and usage rates of dockless bike-sharing systems implies that they may seriously impact on individuals' subjective well-being by influencing their satisfaction with their travel experiences, health and social participation, which requires further exploration. The impact of dockless bike-sharing on users' access to services and social activities and the related decreases in social exclusion are also relevant issues about which knowledge is lacking. With the increases in popularity of dockless shared bikes in some cities, issues related to the equity and access and the implications for social exclusion and inequality are also raised.     

Does green transportation promote accessibility for equity in medium-size U.S. cites?

The link between accessibility and social equity attracts much attention for promoting sustainability. However, there is no comprehensive approach to elevate the role of accessibility in evaluating transportation system over social equity by considering the variety of urban opportunities and population groups from green transportation perspective. Our goal is to develop such a framework to evaluate transportation equity by focusing on accessibility via transit and cycling. Applying the framework to Fresno, California, and Cincinnati, Ohio with different development patterns, we delineate service areas at block-group level with five time-thresholds. The service area is used to count the number of urban opportunities: jobs, dining, churches, libraries, parks, multi-use paths, schools. We then use statistical comparison and geographical mapping to identify accessibility gap to these opportunities between advantaged and disadvantaged groups defined by income, property value, education, vehicle ownership, race, and age. The results indicate the extent of differences in accessibility is sensitive to threshold specification of grouping population. The findings suggest that the efficiency of transit service needs to be improved to reach the same level of cycling, while they do help with the accessibility for economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Considering school enrollment, the accessibility to opportunities in Fresno performs differently while students in Cincinnati benefit from good accessibility to most resources. The results of accessibility to multi-use paths highlight the need of providing more efficient green transportation facilities for less wealthy neighborhoods. Variation in accessibility between groups underscores the importance of developing policies to meet the needs of diverse social groups.     

Transport and equity in Latin America: a critical review of socially oriented accessibility assessments*

ABSTRACT

A growing concern for mobility-related social inclusion and equity is evident from both academic research and planning best practices. Scholarly research promotes accessibility as the main aim of transport planning, assuming it as the evaluative approach that better conveys how mobility contributes to individuals' well-being and participation in social life. Accessibility can be crucial to address the socio-spatial inequalities that characterise manifold settings across the world. Amongst them, Latin American countries have been keen in tackling such imbalances through mobility-related interventions, as the renowned cases of Curitiba, Medellin and Bogotá show. The widespread interest in mobility as both a cause and effect of social disparities has generated an increasing stream of work that examines Latin American settings through the lenses of accessibility. This paper aims at critically reviewing the growing scholarly works that, providing accessibility-based evaluations, has examined issues of transport and equity in Latin America. Proposing a novel conceptual framework that considers the underlying ethical stance, components of accessibility and implications for planning and policy, this work examines what approaches, features and indicators are present in the current literature, as well as what settings have been taken into consideration by scholarly research. Moreover, the review has an explicit operational interest, to define what indicators are relevant or missing to assess accessibility in the light of social concerns, as well as to consider the current and potential implications that such research findings have on transport planning and policy. The review highlights how a growing but still limited body of work has examined transport and equity in Latin America, suggesting academic, technical and operational avenues to enhance theoretical and practical approaches to the issue.     

改进的协同航路分配优化模型及算法研究

为优化协同航路分配程序,利用基尼系数定义一个新的公平性能指标,构建同时兼顾效率和公平性的双目标非线性整数规划模型,采用基于航班优先级排列的染色体编码方式设计一种改进的遗传算法,融合满意解的选择过程.仿真算例结果显示,与现有算法相比,改进遗传算法得到的最终满意解使空域运行效率提高9.3%,航空公司公平性提高33.7%.结果表明,改进的遗传算法能快速获得真实帕累托前沿,且最终满意解能在空域运行效率和资源分配公平性上得到显著提升,说明本文模型及算法合理.     

Extending the Scope of Highway Planning: Accessibility,Negative Externalities and the Residential Context

The objectives of this review-based paper were twofold. Firstly, we aimed to explore the need and possibilities for broadening the scope of highway planning by taking account of the residential context, including residential satisfaction. Satisfaction appears to be an interesting, and in our opinion, valuable mediating planning concept between road infrastructure planning and the accompanying external effects on the one hand and household coping strategies on the other. Households living near highway infrastructure are influenced by both positive (i.e. accessibility gains) and negative road-related factors (e.g. noise nuisance and air pollution). Changes in these factors may trigger people to accept the new situation, adjust preferences, try to influence plans and/or even relocate. The second aim was to gain a greater understanding of the influence of both accessibility characteristics and negative externalities on the residential context of households. With respect to context, we make a distinction between residential satisfaction, housing prices and residential relocation. We see changes in residential satisfaction as a potential early predictor of opposition to plans, not only from active opposers but also from the more ‘silent majority’, and as a predictor of housing price changes and residential migration. Insights into residential satisfaction around highways may help transportation planners to relieve locational stress and may also prevent protests and relocations. Our literature review indicated that households prefer to live close to highways to benefit from high regional accessibility, but do not want to contend with the nuisances. This is also reflected in property values. However, the literature appears to put more emphasis on studying the impact of (regional) accessibility and externalities on location behaviour than on residential satisfaction. Because of the added value that the concept of residential satisfaction may provide in road planning, and the limited scientific insights, it is important to gain greater insight into how residential satisfaction is influenced by negative and positive externalities and into how residential satisfaction changes over time—from the stage when new road projects are discussed through to concrete planning, realization and the period after completion. Moreover, it would be worthwhile to gain a deeper understanding of the extent to which house prices, location behaviour and residential satisfaction near highways interrelate.     

引入约租车服务的阻隔应对与发展策略

对传统出租汽车权益资本输出量的函数进行分析,论证我国引入约租车服务时,政府和行业应理性应对,并提出促进运输行业发展的策略。     

2020至2025赣州新能源汽车发展面临的问题及建议

中国是世界能源消费大国之一,节能减排是当前经济社会发展进程中必须面临的挑战。同时中国要从汽车大国迈向汽车强国,发展新能源汽车产业是不可逆的。本文通过分析补贴退坡及外资股比放开对国内新能源汽车发展带来的影响,阐述了赣州新能源汽车产业发展面临的问题,并从人才端,基础设施端等方面着手,为赣州新能源汽车产业的发展提出建议。