Adapting the shipping sector to stricter emissions regulations: Fuel switching or installing a scrubber?

This paper examines how the existing fleet in the shipping industry can be adapted to the new emission regulations through the two main techniques that currently exist: (a) the use of low-sulphur marine diesels; and (b) the installation of scrubbers. A method is presented here for drawing up an economic assessment of both these techniques under uncertainty. It enables the best option to be selected at any given time taking into account fuel prices (spot and futures), scrubber installation costs, the time that the vessel operates in an Emission Control Area (ECA) and the remaining useful lifetime of the vessel. The paper also considers the possibility of an unexpected change from a non-ECA navigation area to an ECA. The assessment is carried out in a manner consistent with marine diesel and crude oil spot and futures market quotes. Our results show the net present value of investing in the installation of scrubbers and investing in changing fuel types for different assumptions on how vessels are operated. We also analyse increases in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions as a consequence of using scrubbers and how they affects the financial analysis if such incremental emissions must be paid under a CO₂ pricing mechanism.     

Estimating fuel burn impacts of taxi-out delay with implications for gate-hold benefits

The aviation community is actively investigating initiatives to reduce aircraft fuel consumption from surface operations, as surface management strategies may face fewer implementation barriers compared with en route strategies. One fuel-saving initiative for the air transportation system is the possibility of holding aircraft at the gate, or the spot, until the point at which they can taxi unimpeded to the departure runway. The extent to which gate holding strategies have financial and environmental benefits hinges on the quantity of fuel that is consumed during surface operations. A pilot of an aircraft may execute the taxi procedure on a single engine or utilize different engine thrust rates during taxi because of a delay. In the following study, we use airline fuel consumption data to estimate aircraft taxi fuel consumption rates during the “unimpeded” and “delayed” portions of taxi time. We find that the fuel consumption attributed to a minute of taxi-out delay is less than that attributed to minute of unimpeded taxi time; for some aircraft types, the fuel consumption rate for a minute of taxi delay is half of that for unimpeded taxi. It is therefore not appropriate, even for rough calculations, to apply nominal taxi fuel consumption rates to convert delayed taxi-out time into fuel burn. On average we find that eliminating taxi delay would reduce overall flight fuel consumption by about 1%. When we consider the savings on an airport-by-airport basis, we find that for some airports the potential reduction from reducing taxi delay is as much as 2%.     

Calculation of vaulted magnetic field above ship using equivalent surface magnetic charge北大核心CSCD

[目的]为了获得舰船上方不同高度平面磁场数据,解决舰船上方拱顶磁场推算到平面磁场的问题,提出用面磁荷法进行舰船上方的磁场推算。[方法]从等效源理论出发,利用拱顶磁场数据进行反演建模,将舰船磁场等效为面磁荷产生的磁场,用面磁荷正演舰船上方的磁场。将面磁荷法推算出的磁场与舰船实际磁场进行对比,验证面磁荷法的可行性。[结果]通过数值仿真计算,舰船磁场垂直分量推算的相对均方根误差为0.44%;利用磁性船模进行实验分析,磁场垂直分量推算的相对均方根误差为7.64%。[结论]仿真和船模实验分析表明,利用面磁荷法进行磁场推算,其推算值与测量值较为吻合,推算的相对均方根误差较小,具有较高的精度,可用于实际工程计算。     

Development a new power management strategy for power split hybrid electric vehicles

Reduction of greenhouse gas emission and fuel consumption as one of the main goals of automotive industry leading to the development hybrid vehicles. The objective of this paper is to investigate the energy management system and control strategies effect on fuel consumption, air pollution and performance of hybrid vehicles in various driving cycles. In order to simulate the hybrid vehicle, the combined feedback–feedforward architecture of the power-split hybrid electric vehicle based on Toyota Prius configuration is modeled, together with necessary dynamic features of subsystem or components in ADVISOR. Multi input fuzzy logic controller developed for energy management controller to improve the fuel economy of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle with contrast to conventional Toyota Prius Hybrid rule-based controller. Then, effects of battery’s initial state of charge, driving cycles and road grade investigated on hybrid vehicle performance to evaluate fuel consumption and pollution emissions. The simulation results represent the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed control strategy. Also, results indicate that proposed controller is reduced fuel consumption in real and modal driving cycles about 21% and 6% respectively.     

实时动态（RTK）三维水深测量质量控制措施

在航道疏浚、港口设计、环保清淤工程中，往往需要高精度的水深测量成果，水深测量的质量直接影响最终的测量成果，因此对水深测量的质量控制尤为重要。水深测量模式分为传统水深测量和RTK三维水深测量模式，其中后者是水运工程测量规范中推广的新技术。针对RTK三维水深测量这种新的作业模式，结合航道测量工程实例，从软硬件设置、外业测量过程、内业数据处理、成果质量检查4个方面，对数据的规范性、合理性、完整性进行控制，保障最终成果满足要求。     

LNG冷能的船舶冷库与空调系统设计与分析

针对LNG动力船中LNG燃料的冷能多且未被加以利用的问题,设计了一套利用LNG冷能的船舶冷库和空调系统,并选择系统所需的冷媒,同时利用Hysys软件对系统进行了流程模拟,简述其具体流程,并且对该系统所需主要换热器进行选型、材料的选择、结构的设计以及应力的校核,最后对该系统的经济性进行了分析,该LNG冷能利用系统的主要目的是将LNG冷能作为LNG动力船上冷库和室内空调的冷源,从而达到节能降耗的目的。     

8mm驼峰测速雷达改进及试验

介绍了毫米波驼峰测速雷达存在的问题和改进的方法.分析了降雨对毫米波雷达的干扰机制,采用圆极化波抑制干扰的原理和试验结果.     

考虑浅水影响的航速测量不确定度分析

受实船试航水域水深的影响,对于深吃水的大型船舶航速测量结果必须采用适当的方法进行航速的浅水修正.本文采用GUM测量不确定度分析方法,以某大型油轮为例,对考虑浅水影响的航速测量进行了不确定度分析.     

肥大船后体形状对推进的影响

本文从节能和减振的角度出发,探讨肥大船后体形状对阻力、推进及伴流的影响。首先,用理论计算流线的方法从三个抬高型球鼻首中选择一个加装于母型船模上。通过比较分别由理论计算和实测得到的流线,表明在舭部两者吻合程度良好。接着,对后体形状分别为V型剖面、U型剖面、单尾鳍型和球尾型的四艘船模进行试验。结果表明,在方形系数C_B=0.80的四种后体线型中,在满载和压载状态,V型剖面的阻力最低,U型剖面最高。就收到马力而言,单尾鳍型在满载时最低,压载时仅次于V型剖面。至于满载时的伴流分布,U型剖面和单尾鳍型各半径处进流角绕轴一周的变化△β较小。     

井下图像深度信息提取方法

提出一种从井下二维摄影图像中提取深度信息的方法，用于对油井管壁的缺陷探测。首先讨论摄影测量学的公式和算法，导出适用于柱体测量的公式；然后采用两点定位的思想，确定摄影测量学中坐标系统的三个旋转角，计算旋转矩阵。给出了软件仿真测量格网实现的结果。