考虑群体异质性的建成环境与老年人慢行出行关系研究

健康老龄化背景下，慢行出行是提升老年人身心健康、生活品质的重要方式，而建成环境是影响老年人慢行出行的重要因素。本文以2013年南京市老年人出行实测数据为基础，利用潜在类别聚类方法对老年群体进行异质性分析，分类建立随机森林模型研究建成环境指标对不同老年群体慢行出行时间的重要度影响及两者之间的非线性关联。研究结果表明：以性别、是否退休、学历、家庭收入以及学龄前儿童这5个类别变量作为外显变量，可将老年群体划分成两类，各自建立的老年人慢行时间模型整体拟合优度较好；其中，影响第1类老年群体的关键建成环境变量有慢行路网密度、交叉口数和地铁站邻近度，第2类老年群体慢行出行时间的影响因素主要有地铁站邻近度、慢行路网密度和住宅密度，另外同一建成环境指标对两类老年群体慢行出行时间的非线性关联也不相同。研究结果可为制定差异化的老年宜居环境优化政策，提升老年人生活品质以及实现健康老龄化提供理论依据。     

Exploring the influence of built environment on tour-based commuter mode choice: A cross-classified multilevel modeling approach

Understanding travel behavior and its relationship to urban form is vital for the sustainable planning strategies aimed at automobile dependency reduction. The objective of this study is twofold. First, this research provides additional insights to examine the effects of built environment factors measured at both home location and workplace on tour-based mode choice behavior. Second, a cross-classified multilevel probit model using Bayesian approach is employed to accommodate the spatial context in which individuals make travel decisions. Using Washington, D.C. as our study area, the home-based work (Home-work) tour in the AM peak hours is used as the analysis unit. The empirical data was gathered from the Washington-Baltimore Regional Household Travel Survey 2007–2008. For parameter estimation, Bayesian estimation method integrating Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling is adopted. Our findings confirmed the important role that the built environment at both home location and work ends plays in affecting commuter mode choice behavior. Meanwhile, a comparison of different model results shows that the cross-classified multilevel probit model offers significant improvements over the traditional probit model. The results are expected to give a better understanding on the relationship between the built environment and commuter mode choice behavior.     

考虑异质性的贝叶斯交通冲突模型

为了构建信号交叉口交通冲突模型,提取29个信号交叉口260 h的交通冲突数据,考虑交通冲突异质性,构建了随机参数（RP-PLN）交通冲突模型和随机效应（RE-PLN）交通冲突模型,采用贝叶斯方法和马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗（MCMC）仿真对模型参数后验分布进行估计,利用方差信息准则和残差标准化决定系数对2种模型的拟合优度进行了比较。研究结果表明：2种交通冲突模型都可以有效处理交通冲突异质性;RP-PLN交通冲突模型的拟合优度优于RE-PLN交通冲突模型;当其他变量保持不变时,直行交通量增加1%可使直右交通冲突增加0.54%;右转交通量增加1%可使直右交通冲突增加0.65%;右转大车比例增加1%,直右交通冲突增加1.06%;物理渠化岛和标线渠化岛的设置可以分别使直右交通冲突降低18.9%和17.3%;设置加速车道可使直右交通冲突降低22.9%;右转半径增加1%,直右交通冲突降低10.5%;安装右转让行标志可使直右交通冲突降低16.5%;设置右转专用相位可使直右交通冲突降低29.8%。     

城市道路交通拥堵状态出行者感知差异性研究

为研究出行者在感知城市道路拥堵状态时的个体差异性,首先,选取长沙市 5条典型路段,采用视频观测法,设计拥堵状态主观感知实验,收集出行个体对城市道路拥堵状态的真实感知数据;其次,基于多层有序 Logit贝叶斯模型,获取出行者个体感知参数,深入分析道路及交通流因素对出行者拥堵感知影响的差异程度,并进一步探究造成感知差异的个体属性因素.结果表明：所选道路和交通流特征因素,对出行者的拥堵感知结果有显著影响;在其他变量不变的情况下,道路特征因素对不同出行者拥堵感知结果的影响差异性大于交通流特征因素,其中平均车速的影响差异性最小;个人属性的不同,是造成感知差异的主要原因.     

Preference Heterogeneity and Willingness to Pay for Travel Time Savings

We examined different model specifications to detect the presence of preference heterogeneity in a mode choice context. The specification that worked best allows for both systematic and random variations in tastes, with parameters obtained at the individual level using Bayesian methods. Subjective values of travel time (SVT) and expected individual compensated variation were derived and aggregated to obtain measures of social welfare. Results suggest that the benefit measures, both at the individual and at the social level, are sensitive to preference heterogeneity assumptions. SVT and welfare changes derived from travel time reductions could be underestimated if the traditional assumption of taste homogeneity is made (we detected differences up to 30% in both types of measures). We also obtained an empirical value for the error made when evaluating changes in social welfare using an approximation of the expected individual compensated variation (expressed as a function of individual SVT) rather than its exact expression.     

城市道路交通拥堵状态出行者感知差异性研究

为研究出行者在感知城市道路拥堵状态时的个体差异性,首先,选取长沙市 5条典型路段,采用视频观测法,设计拥堵状态主观感知实验,收集出行个体对城市道路拥堵状态的真实感知数据;其次,基于多层有序 Logit贝叶斯模型,获取出行者个体感知参数,深入分析道路及交通流因素对出行者拥堵感知影响的差异程度,并进一步探究造成感知差异的个体属性因素.结果表明：所选道路和交通流特征因素,对出行者的拥堵感知结果有显著影响;在其他变量不变的情况下,道路特征因素对不同出行者拥堵感知结果的影响差异性大于交通流特征因素,其中平均车速的影响差异性最小;个人属性的不同,是造成感知差异的主要原因.     

Accounting for scale heterogeneity within and between pooled data sources

There is growing interest in incorporating both preference heterogeneity and scale heterogeneity in choice models, as a way of capturing an increasing number of sources of utility amongst a set of alternatives. The extension of mixed logit to incorporate scale heterogeneity in a generalised mixed logit (GMXL) model provides a way to accommodate these sources of influence, observed and unobserved. The small but growing number of applications of the GMXL model have parameterized scale heterogeneity as a single estimate; however it is often the case that analysts pool data from more than one source, be it revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) sources, or multiple SP sources, inducing the potential for differences in the scale factor between the data sources. Existing practice has developed ways of accommodating scale differences between data sources by adopting a scale homogeneity assumption within each data source (e.g., the nested logit trick) that varies between data sources. This paper extends the state of the art by incorporating data-source specific scale differences in scale heterogeneity setting across pooled RP and SP data set. An example of choice amongst RP and SP transport modes (including two ‘new’ SP modes) is used to obtain values of travel time savings that vary significantly between a model that accounts for scale heterogeneity differences within pooled RP and SP data, and the other where differences in scale heterogeneity is also accommodated between RP and SP data.     

Estimating heterogeneity of car travelers on mode shifting behavior based on discrete choice models

In order to understand the mode shift behavior of car travelers and relieve traffic congestion, a Stated Preference survey has been conducted in the city of Ji'nan in China to analyze bus choice behavior and the heterogeneity of car travelers. Several discrete choice models, including multinomial logit, mixed logit and latent class model (LCM) are developed based on these survey data. A comparative analysis indicates that the LCM has the highest precision and is more suitable to analyze the heterogeneity of car travelers. The LCM divides car travelers into three classes. Different classes have different sets of influencing factors in the model. Policy recommendations are also proposed for those classes to promote bus shift from car travelers based on the model results. Finally, sensitivity analysis on parking fees and fuel cost is carried out on the LCMs under different bus service levels. Car travelers have different sensitivities to the influencing factors. The conclusions indicate that the LCM can reflect the heterogeneity and preferences of car travelers and can be used to understand how to shift the behavior of car travelers and make more effective traffic policy.     

地铁拥挤度和出行者异质性对时间价值的影响

出行者的选择偏好存在显著的异质性,现有研究根据出行者的某些特征对出行者分类,再分析不同类别出行者的选择行为,这种方法缺乏理论依据. 本文利用潜在类别条件 Logit 模型,研究出行者异质性和其对地铁时间价值的综合影响. 潜在类别条件Logit 模型根据出行者的选择行为进行分类,再分析出行者的个人特征对分类的影响. 通过分析,出行者可以划分为class1、class2 两个潜在类别.class1 中无座乘客不在意车厢内拥挤度,class2 中无座乘客极为在意车厢内拥挤度;class1 中有座乘客与无座乘客的时间价值分别为14.7 元/h、16.9 元/h, class2 中车厢内无座乘客的密度增加1 人/m2,其时间价值增加8.6 元/h;出行者的舒适性需求对出行者类别划分具有显著影响,出行者的舒适性需求越高,出行者越有可能属于class2.