公路隧道景观照明设计

为解决公路隧道景观照明建设中过于强调景观性所带来的安全性、经济性等一系列争议和问题,首先,介绍公路隧道景观照明及国内外研究现状。其次,分析景观照明发展现状、趋势和主要问题,认为缺少科学合理的设计流程是目前部分项目出现较多问题的主要原因之一。然后,借鉴城市景观照明设计的思路和流程体系,将公路隧道的特殊性融入城市景观照明的设计流程和分析步骤,提出公路隧道景观照明设计体系,并在设计流程的介绍中从景观照明和交通工程等不同角度对目前公路隧道景观照明常见问题进行解构和分析,并给出具体的解决思路和建议。最后,提出尊重现实需求,理性看待公路隧道景观照明,以科学、合理的规划设计体制流程规范并引导行业良性发展的态度。     

6 km长公路隧道全射流纵向排烟现场实体火灾试验研究

为研究6 km长公路隧道全射流纵向排烟的可行性与有效性,依托羊鹿山隧道开展全射流纵向排烟现场实体火灾试验。试验在不利于排烟的下坡隧道（左洞）内进行,考虑5、10 、20 MW3个不同等级的火灾规模,并对不同工况下隧道内沿程风速、排烟时间等进行研究。通过对不同火灾工况下油盘火现场试验,得出如下结论： 1）现场火灾试验期间,羊鹿山隧道左洞内自然风速为1.0~1.6 m/s,与排烟方向相反,为排烟阻力; 2）隧道内开启6组以上风机时,下坡隧道内沿程风速大于3.0 m/s; 3）根据5、10、20 MW油盘火排烟试验结果,采用全射流纵向排烟方式能将隧道内烟气全部排出洞外,且从点火开始到烟气全部排出洞外的时间约为30 min。     

金门特长公路隧道通风方案比选研究

为解决目前特长公路隧道通风方案比选时局限于送排式通风的问题,从方案设计角度分析几种不同纵向通风模式的功能特点、适用条件,结合送排式通风与互补式通风的特点,提出单通道互补式通风的组合通风模式,并以金门特长公路隧道为例,从全寿命周期角度,对“通风井送排式”“单通道互补式”“双通道互补式”“吸尘式”4种通风方案进行比选研究。结果表明： 1）送排式通风受通风井位置影响较大,从运营通风角度,宜设置在上坡隧道中部偏下风方向; 2）互补式、吸尘式通风能够突破通风井选址的限制,但对于超过5 km的隧道,需要设置专用排烟井; 3）单通道互补式通风省去送风井,保留了送排式通风的排烟功能,具备比选价值。     

基于发光反光高性能涂料的隧道照明安全与节能技术应用研究

为解决公路隧道照明节能压力和品质提升之间的矛盾问题,采用新型发光反光高性能涂料用于隧道涂装。通过模拟分析不同涂装方案对路面亮度、亮度均匀度及目标物亮度的增益作用得到适用于工程的应用方案。依托工程应用效果表明,采用发光反光高性能涂料涂装后,隧道行车安全性和舒适性程度更高,所用方案可降低隧道照明年运营能耗在20%以上。本技术对提升隧道照明安全和节能水平、推动隧道提质升级具有促进作用。     

基于远、近期合建的折多山公路隧道总体设计方案研究

为解决特长公路隧道升级改造困难问题,以折多山公路隧道项目为依托,创新性地提出远、近期合建的总体设计方案。通过交通量预测、工程造价、运营通风及逃生救援等方面综合比较,得出可实施的合建方案： 先期建设二级公路隧道主洞,设2段非贯通平导,后期直接将二级公路隧道作为高速公路隧道右洞,并贯通二级公路隧道平导作为高速公路隧道左洞。合建方案能有效节约工程造价,降低社会耗能。     

地下交通转换平台射流通风特性及风流组织方式研究

为探究地下交通转换平台内通风系统的合理布局,采用比尺模型试验和CFD模拟相结合的方法,研究射流风机和通风组织对地下交通转换平台内气流运动的影响。结果表明： 1）当联络通道内风机射流朝向敞开段时,为使风机升压系数Kj最大,630 mm、900 mm、1 120 mm射流风机的布设位置应距离敞开段分别大于40、50、65 m; 2）大口径射流风机具有更大的Kj,但占用的断面空间更大,且射流诱导段更长,应根据联络通道长度和高度合理选择射流风机口径; 3）地下交通转换平台的通风组织不宜采用同侧开启方式,采用对角抽吸方式时,联络通道内的污染物混入比最低、通风效率最高。     

Spatiotemporal traffic forecasting: review and proposed directions

This paper systematically reviews studies that forecast short-term traffic conditions using spatial dependence between links. We extract and synthesise 130 research papers, considering two perspectives: (1) methodological framework and (2) methods for capturing spatial information. Spatial information boosts the accuracy of prediction, particularly in congested traffic regimes and for longer horizons. Machine learning methods, which have attracted more attention in recent years, outperform the naïve statistical methods such as historical average and exponential smoothing. However, there is no guarantee of superiority when machine learning methods are compared with advanced statistical methods such as spatiotemporal autoregressive integrated moving average. As for the spatial dependency detection, a large gulf exists between the realistic spatial dependence of traffic links on a real network and the studied networks as follows: (1) studies capture spatial dependency of either adjacent or distant upstream and downstream links with the study link, (2) the spatially relevant links are selected either by prejudgment or by correlation-coefficient analysis, and (3) studies develop forecasting methods in a corridor test sample, where all links are connected sequentially together, assume a similarity between the behaviour of both parallel and adjacent links, and overlook the competitive nature of traffic links.     

In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

Predictive power of inspection outcomes for future shipping accidents – an empirical appraisal with special attention for human factor aspects

This paper investigates whether deficiencies detected during port state control (PSC) inspections have predictive power for future accident risk, in addition to other vessel-specific risk factors like ship type, age, size, flag, and owner. The empirical analysis links accidents to past inspection outcomes and is based on data from all around the globe of PSC regimes using harmonized deficiency codes. These codes are aggregated into eight groups related to human factor aspects like crew qualifications, working and living conditions, and fatigue and safety management. This information is integrated by principal components into a single overall deficiency index, which is related to future accident risk by means of logit models. The factor by which accident risk increases for vessels with above average compared to below average deficiency scores is about 6 for total loss, 2 for very serious, 1.5 for serious, and 1.3 for less-serious accidents. Relations between deficiency scores and accident risk are presented in graphical format. The results may be of interest to PSC authorities for targeting inspection areas, to maritime administrations for improving asset allocation based on prediction scenarios connected with vessel traffic data, and to maritime insurers for refining their premium strategies.