基于BIM构建航道地形曲面模型的改进方法

针对航道工程存在的离散地形数据或地形数据空值区域导致所创建地形曲面不够光滑、会出现深凹或凸起的问题,提出采用克里金插值法(Kriging)对航道区域离散的地形数据进行直接内插填补,再通过BIM技术构建航道地形曲面模型。结果表明,离散的地形数据经Kriging空间插值生成的地形曲面模型,更贴近实际效果及地形趋势走向,可真实显现航道现状三维地形。研究成果可为测绘单位开展BIM工作提供借鉴。     

随轴系做复杂空间运动的船舶 螺旋桨水动性能计算

船舶航行时,附在转轴上的螺旋桨通常做复杂的空间运动。这是因为一方面螺旋桨和转轴不可避免地存在偏心,使得在不平衡激励下转轴在绕自身中心线旋转的同时又发生空间涡动(又称为进动);另一方面,螺旋桨通常工作在不均匀的流场中(即使来流均匀,轴系涡动亦会导致流场的不均匀),桨叶表面的脉动力也会导致转轴的空间振动。对具有复杂三维运动的螺旋桨的水动性能预报是一个难点。本文建立了螺旋桨在流场中随轴系做复杂空间运动时的水动力预报数学模型,并利用不定常面元法求解了这一问题。该方法按时间步顺序求解,考虑了不均匀流场、轴系振动、尾涡的非线性运动及卷曲等因素。利用本文提出的方法并结合结构动力学模型,可以方便地研究流体-螺旋桨-轴系双向流固耦合等问题。同时该方法也可以用来预报船舶转弯、船舶升沉及纵摇振荡、螺旋桨启停及加速等复杂工况下的螺旋桨水动性能。文中通过一个算例验证了算法的有效性。最后,预报了轴系纵向振动幅值为1 mm,振动频率为3 Hz并伴有微量回旋振动时所引起的4381螺旋桨的脉动力。研究表明推力脉动分量大约为其静态分量的4.5/1 000,扭矩脉动分量大约为其静态分量的4/1 000。     

Network-wide impacts of eco-routing strategies: A large-scale case study

This paper quantifies the system-wide impacts of implementing a dynamic eco-routing system, considering various levels of market penetration and levels of congestion in downtown Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, USA. The study concludes that eco-routing systems can reduce network-wide fuel consumption and emission levels in most cases; the fuel savings over the networks range between 3.3% and 9.3% when compared to typical travel time minimization routing strategies. We demonstrate that the fuel savings achieved through eco-routing systems are sensitive to the network configuration and level of market penetration of the eco-routing system. The results also demonstrate that an eco-routing system typically reduces vehicle travel distance but not necessarily travel time. We also demonstrate that the configuration of the transportation network is a significant factor in defining the benefits of eco-routing systems. Specifically, eco-routing systems appear to produce larger fuel savings on grid networks compared to freeway corridor networks. The study also demonstrates that different vehicle types produce similar trends with regard to eco-routing strategies. Finally, the system-wide benefits of eco-routing generally increase with an increase in the level of the market penetration of the system.     

基于多体动力学和有限元理论的汽车转向节疲劳设计

以汽车前悬转向节开发为例，综合应用系统动力学仿真分析方法和有限元分析方法，对汽车转向节的结构进行了不同极限工况下的强度分析，得到转向节上的应力分布，并在此基础上进行了耐久性疲劳分析。通过对结果的分析，找出改进设计的方向，缩短了开发周期，节约了开发成本。     

A zone design methodology for national freight origin–destination data and transportation modeling

The zone system used for freight data collection and the geographic resolution of published data has a significant impact on analysis and planning. The majority of existing freight model zones are created in an ad hoc way. In this paper, a new model-based design method is introduced to develop freight zones for the continental USA. It focuses on two methodology issues: (1) the criteria that represent the desired properties of a zone system and (2) the constraints that govern the shape, size, and continuity of zones. The method is applied to the continental USA by optimizing an interzonal travel distance weighted by freight flows using county-level freight data. Several optimal national-level freight zone systems with different numbers of zones are developed. The results indicate that a 300-zone system provides a balance between the number of zones and optimization measures where the currently available public freight data are provided with approximately 100 zones.     

Deficiencies in accident record systems

As part of the continuous process of improving highway safety, the engineer relies heavily on information provided by accident record systems. The study described in this paper sought to determine the reliability of this system in New Mexico. Techniques employed in the study included internal consistency checks, comparison with other record systems, and matching actual and reported crash site data. The extent of omitted and inaccurate data having primary relevance to engineering analyses was found to exceed acceptable limits. Incorrect locational information was the most serious problem. The recommended solutions to this problem consist of a modified accident report form and improved contact with enforcement officials.     

Are vehicle trajectories simulated by dynamic traffic models relevant for estimating fuel consumption?

This paper questions the relevance of microscopic traffic models for estimating the impact of traffic strategies on fuel consumption. Urban driving cycles from the ARTEMIS database are simplified into piecewise linear speed profiles to mimic the classical outputs of microscopic traffic flow models. Fuel consumption is estimated for real and simplified trajectories and links between kinematics and the fuel consumption errors are investigated. Simplifying trajectories causes fuel consumption underestimation, from −1.2 to −5.2% on average according to the level of simplification; errors can approach −20% for some cycles. A focus on kinematic phases indicates that the maximum speed reached and the time decelerating are the main influences on fuel consumption. Finally, in the case where maximum speeds are estimated correctly, it is shown that errors committed at each kinematic phase when acceleration distributions are approximated by their mean values, converge towards small errors over complete cycles. A method is developed to quantify and reduce these errors.     

Scaled vehicle tire characteristics: dimensionless analysis

This article demonstrates the use of dimensional analysis for scaled vehicle tires. The motivation for this approach is the understanding of realistic nonlinear tire behavior in scaled vehicle control studies. By examining the behavior of vehicle tires within a dimensionless framework, several key tire parameters are developed that allow for an appropriate relationship between full-sized tires and scaled tires. Introducing these scalings into vehicle dynamics studies allows for the development of scaled vehicles that have a high degree of dynamic similitude with full-sized vehicles, but are safer and more economical testbeds on which to develop experimental control strategies. Experimental data are used to compare the nonlinear characteristics for sets of scaled and full-sized tires. Finally, design of a scaled vehicle based on tire characteristics is demonstrated.     

多学科优化设计在半潜式钻井平台设计中的应用

多学科优化设计（Multidisciplinary Design Optimization，MDO）是通过考虑学科之间的相互耦合来挖掘设计潜力，通过系统的综合分析来进行方案的选择和评估的一种应用于工程设计阶段的先进设计理念和设计方法，能够达到提高设计效率，降低设计成本的目的。半潜式钻井平台是具有高复杂度的工程系统，在其方案设计中要考虑到水动力学、结构力学、动力定位、工程应用以及成本分析等多个学科，非常适合于多学科优化设计的应用。以半潜式钻井平台方案设计为例，介绍了如何使用多学科优化设计来考虑影响平台的多个因素之间的耦合关系，以确定平台的主尺度，来获得最佳的平台总体性能；介绍了应用多学科优化设计时的三个重要关键技术：复杂问题的分解、数学建模和近似模型技术。     

码头沉箱变形的离心模型试验和数值分析

以某重力式码头沉箱结构为研究对象，进行了基于此码头的两种方案的离心模型试验，研究了不同条件下重力式码头的变形情况；利用非线性有限元程序ABAQUS，建立了挡土墙．砂垫层．地基体系固结问题的数值模型，然后分别以典型重力式码头的离心模型试验和工程原型为计算对象，以离心加速度增长和码头高度增长为加荷方式，对离心模型试验过程和码头的施工过程进行了数值模拟。综合对比了多种条件下码头和地基的变形情况，并探讨了地基土模量、淤积土的开挖深度对变形的影响，分析了施工过程中和竣工后的超静孔隙压水压力的变化和变形规律。