Induced traffic and economic appraisal

Economic appraisal of major roads in the UK is based on a set of standard procedures and conventions. A central assumption has been that the volume and pattern of traffic in any given year is independent of the quality of service offered by the network — the fixed trip matrix assumption. Failing to consider induced traffic can have serious consequences for the accuracy and robustness of the measured traffic benefits from road improvements. Assessment of the wider economic benefits of roads, which is an important political imperative for road investment, is also made more difficult. Two conclusions are reached. Variable trip matrix methods need to be introduced for the appraisal of major road schemes, and scheme appraisal needs to be complemented by a more strategic area-wide approach to evaluation. In responding to its advisory committee (SACTRA), the UK Department of Transport has accepted the first of these conclusions and is cautiously favourable to the second.     

电力牵引工频高压电磁场对人体视—运动反应时的影响

通过对我国电力牵引达２２年区段的２７．５ｋＶ工频电场强度为１．７５－３．４６ｋＶ／ｍ，磁感应强度为０．６０－１．７５ｍＴ，人体感应电流为１０．０８－５８．４０μＡ环境下作业的１３５９名工人和无电磁场接触史的３７５名工人的视－运动反应时值进行的测验和分析。结果表明两组无明显差异。引起视－运动反应时值的延长。结果表明两组无明显差异，引起视－运动反应时值的延长，机体协调功能减退的主要原因是年龄因素的增长     

四川绵阳安昌河人行景观桥的横向振动与动力设计

随着人行桥跨度的不断增大以及对桥梁美学和城市景观的追求,人行桥的基频不断降低,其振动及带来的行走舒适性问题也相继日益突出。结合一梁拱组合体系的人行景观桥,对人行桥人致振动的理论及动力设计方法进行探讨。     

对转螺旋桨升力面设计方法

本文针对对转螺旋桨这类组合式推进器的设计问题,采用了升力面设计方法进行设计,在设计过程中通过前后桨的相互迭代求出彼此间的诱导速度,以此来考虑它们之间的相互作用,并采用此方法作了一对对转螺旋桨的设计,同时应用面元法进行了水动力预报。     

Modelling users’ behaviour in inter-urban carsharing program: A stated preference approach

In this paper, the effects of a inter-urban carsharing program on users’ mode choice behaviour were investigated and modelled through specification, calibration and validation of different modelling approaches founded on the behavioural paradigm of the random utility theory. To this end, switching models conditional on the usually chosen transport mode, unconditional switching models and holding models were investigated and compared. The aim was threefold: (i) to analyse the feasibility of a inter-urban carsharing program; (ii) to investigate the main determinants of the choice behaviour; (iii) to compare different approaches (switching vs. holding; conditional vs. unconditional); (iv) to investigate different modelling solutions within the random utility framework (homoscedastic, heteroscedastic and cross-correlated closed-form solutions). The set of models was calibrated on a stated preferences survey carried out on users commuting within the metropolitan area of Salerno, in particular with regard to the home-to-work trips from/to Salerno (the capital city of the Salerno province) to/from the three main municipalities belonging to the metropolitan area of Salerno. All of the involved municipalities significantly interact each other, the average trip length is about 30 km a day and all are served by public transport. The proposed carsharing program was a one-way service, working alongside public transport, with the possibility of sharing the same car among different users, with free parking slots and free access to the existent restricted traffic areas. Results indicated that the inter-urban carsharing service may be a substitute of the car transport mode, but also it could be a complementary alternative to the transit system in those time periods in which the service is not guaranteed or efficient. Estimation results highlighted that the conditional switching approach is the most effective one, whereas travel monetary cost, access time to carsharing parking slots, gender, age, trip frequency, car availability and the type of trip (home-based) were the most significant attributes. Elasticity results showed that access time to the parking slots predominantly influences choice probability for bus and carpool users; change in carsharing travel costs mainly affects carpool users; change in travel costs of the usually chosen transport mode mainly affects car and carpool users.     

The influences of past and present residential locations on vehicle ownership decisions

This study explores the relationship between historical exposure to the built environment and current vehicle ownership patterns. The influence of past exposure to the built environment on current vehicle ownership decisions may be causal, but there are alternative explanations. Households may primarily select to live in neighborhoods that facilitate their vehicle ownership preferences, or they may retain preferences that they have developed in the past, irrespective of their current situations. This study seeks to control for these alternative explanations by including the built environment attributes of households’ past residences as an influence on vehicle ownership choices. We use a dataset from a credit reporting firm that contains up to nine previous residential ZIP codes for households currently living in the 13-county Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area. Results show that past location is significant, but of marginal influence relative to the attributes of the current location. From a practical perspective, our results suggest that models that include current but not past neighborhood attributes (also controlling for standard socioeconomic variables) can forecast vehicle ownership decisions reasonably well. However, models that include both current and past neighborhood attributes can provide a more nuanced understanding of the built environment’s potentially causal influences on vehicle ownership decisions. This better understanding may provide more realistic forecasts of responses to densification or other travel demand management strategies.     

高速铁路电缆接地方式对护层感应电压的影响

当高速铁路馈线电缆运行时,其线芯会有交变电流通过,并在馈线电缆金属护层产生感应电动势,当感应电动势过大时,会危及人身安全,降低电缆的绝缘性能,甚至于影响电缆的正常运行。为研究该电动势的影响因素和接地方式的影响规律,利用PSCAD／EMTDC仿真软件建立电缆模型及高速铁路全并联AT供电系统模型,仿真分析电缆在单端接地、中点接地和交叉互联接地方式下的护层感应电压及接地电流。研究结果表明：高速铁路馈线电缆在敷设长度小于1．1 km时,宜采取单端接地方式;长度为1．1～1．9 km时,宜采取中间直接接地方式;长度大于1．9 km时,宜采用交叉互联接地方式,为工程中电缆护层的接地提供参考。     

用于发动机开发的气缸内测试技术

描述了用于揭示气缸内过程的光学诊断技术.说明了可在气缸内安装光学通路的可视化发动机特点和激光诊断技术的原理.给出了典型的测试结果,如气体流动、燃油喷射、混合气形成、燃烧及燃烧产物.此外,探讨了光学诊断技术在发动机内部及外部废气再循环研究中的应用.     

妊高征胎儿心功能的彩色多普勒评价

用彩色多普勒超声心动图对50例正常孕妇和45例妊高征时胎儿心功能进行研究。妊高征组患者以其血压和临床症状被分为轻、中、重三组。结果发现收缩功能指标在三组中均有降低，且有良好的负相关关系。舒张功能指标在三组中有不同的变化。轻度组：无明显变化；中度组：部分指标降低，心房收缩波A波无变化；重度组：舒张功能指标明显降低，A波亦降低。说明不同程度的妊高征对胎儿心功能有着不同程度的影响。     

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诱增交通量是交通需求预测与交通建设项目评价中的重要组成部分.本文从诱增交通量概念出发，从宏观和微观两个角度阐述了区域诱增交通量产生的机理，分析了现行单个建设项目诱增交通量计算思路的局限性，研究提出了基于区域的诱增交通量计算的多元线性回归模型.论文结合我国的国情，对该模型参数进行了标定，提出了符合中国实际的基于区域诱增交通量计算方法.利用北京地区改革开放之后(1978年至2003年)的数据进行了实例分析，得到了道路建设对交通量的近期影响弹性系数0.17,远期影响弹性系数0.29的结果.