收费弹性价格在高等级公路上的应用

对高等级公路收费费率分析中的几个问题如收费弹性、弹性价格类型、以及影响收费公路收费弹性的因素等方面进行探讨，提出了使用收费弹性价格来进一步确定收费费率的方法，并应用实例表明该方法是可行的。对于收费价格弹性的研究，拟在对影响收费价格弹性的相关因素进行总结分析基础上，对收费费率和交通量变化进行了相关性分析，并通过实例分析确定费率的调整幅度。     

Suspended sediment and erosion dynamics in Kugmallit Bay and Beaufort Sea during ice-free conditions

The Mackenzie River is the largest river on the North American side of the Arctic and its huge freshwater and sediment load impacts the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Huge quantities of sediment and associated organic carbon are transported in the Mackenzie plume into the interior of the Arctic Ocean mainly during the freshet (May to September). Changing climate scenarios portend increased coastal erosion and resuspension that lead to altered river-shelf-slope particle budgets. We measured sedimentation rates, suspended particulate matter (SPM), particle size and settling rates during ice-free conditions in Kugmallit Bay (3–5 m depth). Additionally, measurements of erosion rate, critical shear stress, particle size distribution and resuspension threshold of bottom sediments were examined at four regionally contrasting sites (33–523 m depth) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf using a new method for assessing sediment erosion. Wind induced resuspension was evidenced by a strong relationship between SPM and wind speed in Kugmallit Bay. Deployment of sediment traps showed decreasing sedimentation rates at sites along an inshore–offshore transect ranging from 5400 to 3700 g m^− 2 day^− 1. Particle settling rates and size distributions measured using a Perspex settling chamber showed strong relationships between equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and particle settling rates (r² = 0.91). Mean settling rates were 0.72 cm s^− 1 with corresponding ESD values of 0.9 mm. Undisturbed sediment cores were exposed to shear stress in an attempt to compare differences in sediment stability across the shelf during September to October 2003. Shear was generated by vertically oscillating a perforated disc at controlled frequencies corresponding to calibrated shear velocity using a piston grid erosion device. Critical (Type I) erosion thresholds (u) varied between 1.1 and 1.3 cm s^− 1 with no obvious differences in location. Sediments at the deepest site Amundsen Gulf displayed the highest erosion rates (22–54 g m^− 2 min^− 1) with resuspended particle sizes ranging from 100 to 930 µm for all sites. There was no indication of biotic influence on sediment stability, although our cores did not display a fluff layer of unconsolidated sediment. Concurrent studies in the delta and shelf region suggest the importance of a nepheloid layer which transports suspended particles to the slope. Continuous cycles of resuspension, deposition, and horizontal advection may intensify with reduction of sea ice in this region. Our measurements coupled with studies of circulation and cross-shelf exchange allow parameterization and modeling of particle dynamics and carbon fluxes under various climate change scenarios.     

浅析开放式公路计重收费

介绍了开放式公路计重收费的意义,分析了影响开放式公路计重收费标准的各种因素,对确定开放式公路计重收费费率的方法进行了介绍和评价。     

Part 1. National road safety performance: Data,the emergence of two single-outcome modeling streams and public health

This first part of the state-of-the art focuses on the origins of road safety modeling, covering data, early models and the public health context of model formulation and use.     

Statistical and activity-based modeling of university student travel behavior

Abstract

This paper conducts a statistical analysis of student travel behavior at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). The data source is the ‘University NHTS’ project launched by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in 2009. Through this empirical study, it has been found that university student travel behavior is different from that of the general population; urban universities have lower percentages of nonmotorized trips than college-town universities; undergraduate students are likely to make more daily trips than graduate students – similarly, on-campus students make more frequent trips than off-campus students; the most frequent student activities are home and academic activities; and student group categories have virtually no impact on daily activity profiles, though activity types do have a dramatic impact on daily activity profiles. Based on these research findings, the paper makes a series of recommendations regarding trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and activity-based modeling.     

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动态OD需求是城市交通规划、交通管理控制措施制定及评估工作的数据基础,然而现有多数动态OD估计模型存在着难以应用于真实路网OD估计的问题. 针对于此,本文提出了一种基于浮动车和RTMS数据的动态OD估计模型,该模型具有操作性和实用性强的特点. 模型的实现经历了两个阶段：第一阶段是利用RTMS数据进行静态OD反推,获得与现实OD需求相匹配的静态控制OD需求;第二阶段是基于浮动车数据和RTMS数据计算得到每个OD对的时变拆分比例,并用该比例拆分静态控制OD获得动态OD需求. 最后以北京西三环交通走廊为研究对象,开展了动态OD需求估计实例分析工作,从而验证模型的准确性和实用性.     

信号交叉口直行车道饱和流率研究

为了提高城市信号交叉口车辆运行效率,本文分析了直行车道饱和流率的影响因素。基于长沙市典型信号控制交叉口直行车道在不同车道宽度、大车率和车道数情况下饱和车头时距的采集数据,分别建立了饱和流率与车道宽度、大车率、车道数的一元回归关系模型和饱和流率关于车道宽度、大车率和车道数的三元回归线性模型,最后并将拟合的模型放入南京典型信号控制交叉口的应用环境中。结果表明交叉口延误和饱和度值减少,进而说明所得到的模型具有一定的适用性。     

轨道几何状态检测数据里程校正算法研究

同一段铁路线路多次轨道几何状态检测数据间普遍存在一定的里程偏移,若直接使用存在里程偏差的数据参与计算或分析,结果有较大误差,无法保证现场养护维修的效果。文中提出了1种里程自动校正的优化模型,并结合轨道几何状态数据,按照数据预处理、建立校正基库、初步校正及精确校正4个步骤,编制软件实现了该优化方法,从而解决了轨道动态几何状态数据间的里程偏差问题。实例分析表明,该模型正确,效果良好。     

自动驾驶车辆混行集聚MAS控制模型

随着车路协同技术和自动驾驶技术的不断发展,越来越多的网联自动驾驶车辆(Connected and Autonomous Vehicle,CAV)涌入道路交通,与传统人工驾驶车辆(Human Pilot Vehicle,HPV)形成混合交通流(Mixed Traffic Stream,MTS).为在提高MTS交通流量的同...     

Modeling traffic crash rates of road segments through a lognormal hurdle framework with flexible scale parameter

This study examines distributional characteristics of crash rates for road segments using observed accident data. The results indicate that the distribution of crash rates is mixed and right‐skewed, which motivates the consideration of non‐normal distributions. With the aid of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, kernel density plots, and Q–Q plots, the lognormal distribution is verified as an appropriate candidate for representing the positive domain of crash rates. Then, a lognormal hurdle model was developed and also compared with gamma and Weibull hurdle models. Further, the lognormal hurdle model was revised by allowing the scale parameter to vary with respect to explanatory variables. Such a modification enables the heterogeneous skewness of samples to be captured while enhancing the modeling flexibility. The proposed model was also compared with a Tobit model, an alternative approach that treats crash rates as censored data. Among all these models, the proposed lognormal hurdle model with flexible scale parameter presents the best modeling performance, and the analyses also reveal that several explanatory variables affect crash rates through not only the location parameter but also the scale parameter in the lognormal model. This study finally attempted to inspect crash rates through count models, and it discovered that the proposed hurdle model is superior because it is able to output the whole distribution form of crash rates, whereas the crash count model can only provide the expected value of crash rates, provided the exposure variable servers as an offset term in the link function of the mean parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.